Смешанный тип условных предложений

 

Иногда событие, о котором идёт речь в главном предложении, и условие придаточного предложения могут относиться к разным моментам времени: условие – к прошедшему, а следствие – к настоящему/будущему или наоборот. В данном случае необходимо использовать различные комбинации времён глаголов в главном и придаточном предложениях, те, которые больше всего подходят по смыслу.

 

If you were more attentive, you would have passed the exam yesterday.	Если бы ты был более внимательным, то сдал бы вчера этот экзамен.
If I hadn’t missed the bus, I would have dinner with my family now.	Если бы я не опоздал на автобус, то сейчас бы ужинал со своей семьей.

Предложения с wish (if only)

 

Main clause Главное предложение	Subordinate clause Придаточное предложение	Use Употребление
I wish / he wishes (if only *)	+ Past Simple / Past Continuous **	сожаление о настоящей ситуации, которую мы бы хотели иметь другой
I wish I lived in London. I wish I were/was more patient.	Жаль, что я не живу в Лондоне. Жаль, что я недостаточно терпелив.
I wish / he wishes (if only)	+ подлежащее + could + инфинитив без to	желание или сожаление в настоящем по поводу недостатка или отсутствия способности
I wish I could play the piano.	Жаль, что я не умею играть на фортепьяно
I wish / he wishes (if only)	+ Past Perfect / Past Perfect Continuous	сожаление, что что-то произошло или не произошло в прошлом.
I wish I had known about the concert. I wish I hadn’t been driving my car so fast.	Жаль, что я не знал о концерте. Жаль, что я вёл машину слишком быстро.
I wish / he wishes (if only)	+ подлежащее + would + инфинитив без to***	желание будущей перемены, которая вряд ли произойдет; желание выразить неудовлетворение; вежливая просьба, подразумевающая неудовлетворение или отсутствие надежды
I wish my son would study for his exams.	Я бы хотела, чтобы мой сын готовился к экзаменам (желание о будущей перемене, которая вряд ли произойдет).
I wish you would be more patient in the future.	Я бы хотела, чтобы ты был более терпелив в будущем (просьба, подразумевающая отсутствие надежды).
I wish it would stop raining.	Я бы хотела, чтобы перестал идти дождь (желание, подразумевающее разочарование).

* If only если бы только означает то же самое, что и I wish, но является более эмоциональным.

**Глагол to be имеет форму were для всех лиц. Однако в разговорной речи возможно употребление was с 1-м и 3-м лицом единственного числа.

*** wish и would должны иметь разные подлежащие. Нельзя сказать I wish I would, He wishes he would и т. п.

wish + неодушевлённое подлежащее используется, чтобы выразить отсутствие надежды или разочарование говорящего.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1.

Define the type of conditionals in the following sentences and say whether the action is real or unreal.

 

1.	If I come home early, I’ll finally write my report today.
2.	If she were at university now, she would help us to finish our laboratory work.
3.	Had you come to the meeting yesterday, you would have met a well-known professor of Chemistry.
4.	You will get good results if you apply this method of calculation.
5.	If he had taken a taxi, he would have come on time.
6.	If I could make an appointment with him, I would tell him the truth.
7.	If it had not been so cold, I would have gone to my country house.
8.	If you press the button, the device will start working.
9.	Unless you find a job, you’ll have to go back to the village.
10.	I could be happy now if I had told her about my feelings long time ago.

Exercise 2.

Use the verbs in brackets according to the type of conditional.

Conditional sentences: type I

 

1.	If he ____ (to be) late again, he will be fired.
2.	Unless I have higher education, I ____ (not to be able) to find a respectable job.
3.	Water ____ (to turn) into ice if you freeze it.
4.	As soon as I ____ (to finish) my research, I will apply for a scholarship in Oxford University.
5.	He will get a promotion if he ____ (to work) hard.

 

Conditional sentence: type 2

 

1.	If I ____ (to be) you, I would never agree to join this club.
2.	If she ____ (to tell) me her secret, I would never tell it anybody.
3.	____ (to be) you here now, I would feel more relaxed.
4.	If I ____ (to win) in a lottery, I would give this money to a charity organization.
5.	I ____ (to visit) many European countries if I had enough money for this.

 

Conditional sentence: type 3

 

1.	If I ____ (not to fall) ill and ____ (not to miss) the interview, I might have got the job.
2.	If you’d been a bit more careful, you ____ (not to cut) yourself.
3.	If Matthew ____ (to set) his alarm clock, he wouldn’t have overslept.
4.	___ you ____ (to buy) a present earlier, you wouldn’t have spent so much time looking for it last week.
5.	Everything would have been all right if it ____ (not to rain) all the time.

 

Conditional sentence: mixed type

 

1.	If I ____ (not to be) so absent-minded, I would have informed you beforehand.
2.	If I had started to get ready for the exam earlier, I ____ (not to have) an examination repeating now.
3.	If our climate ____ (to be) warmer, we could have spent last winter in the country house.
4.	____ he ____ (not to spend) so much money on useless things, he wouldn’t think now how to pay for his apartment.
5.	My grandfather would be healthier now if he ____ (not to smoke) during all his life.

 

Exercise 3.

Change the following sentences of real condition into sentences of unreal condition.

 

Model:

If Kate comes, she will explain everything. If Kate came, she would explain everything. If Kate had come earlier, she would have explained everything.

 

1.	If you make a mistake in the use of the language your computer will detect this.
2.	If you are free, I will come to see you.
3.	They will all be surprised if I make such a mistake.
4.	If no one comes to help, we shall be obliged to do the work ourselves.
5.	If you use this operator, you will get the latest news very quickly.
6.	You will never finish your work if you waste your time like that.
7.	If you connect this device more carefully, the result will be different.
8.	If the sea is rough, no swimming will be allowed.
9.	Supposing that he solves the problem, we will continue our research.
10.	I will not agree to sign the contract, if they don’t show me the recent statistics.

 

Exercise 4.

Open the brackets using the necessary form of conditional sentences.

 

1.	When I ____ (to see) you, I will tell you about my project.
2.	If I ____ (to be) you, I would start thinking about global environmental problems.
3.	If the experiment had been successful, he ____ (to be nominated) for the Nobel Prize.
4.	Many rare species ____ (to survive), if people stopped illegal fishing and hunting.
5.	If he reads fifty page every day, his vocabulary ____ (to increase) greatly.
6.	If he weren’t so impatient, he ____ (to succeed) in his academic disciplines.
7.	I ____ (not to start) worrying about our Earth, if I didn’t notice the climatic changes.
8.	I wouldn’t have chosen this specialty, if it ____ (not to be) so popular.
9.	If I ____ (not to know) English, I should not be able to enjoy Byron’s poetry.
10.	If you meet him, ____ (to ask) him to come to my office.

 

Exercise 5.

Form the conditional sentences.

 

Model:

He isn’t wise enough, that’s why he can’t solve this problem. If he were wise enough, he would / could solve this problem. If he had been wise enough, he would have solved this problem long time ago. If he were wise enough, he would have solved this problem long time ago.

 

1.	He is busy and cannot come to see us.
2.	I had a bad headache yesterday, that’s why I didn’t come to see you.
3.	The pavement was so slippery that I fell and hurt my leg.
4.	He is an excellent specialist, but I can’t ask his advice because I’m not acquainted with him.
5.	The ship was sailing near the coast, that’s why it struck a rock.
6.	He speaks English badly: he has no practice.
7.	The computer doesn’t switch on and I can’t finish my report on time.
8.	After the agreement had been signed, the delegation left for England.
9.	They found the place of contamination and that prevented the catastrophe.
10.	I understand these methods perfectly well and this exam is a piece of cake for me.

 

Exercise 6.

Finish these sentences, taking care to use the correct tenses.

 

1.	If he had taken my advice ____
2.	If you ate less ____
3.	We’ll send for the doctor if ____
4.	If she practiced more ____
5.	If there isn’t enough milk in that bottle ____
6.	If you had checked the petrol ____
7.	This clock wouldn’t have run down if ____
8.	Try on the blue one if ____
9.	If these gates are locked ____
10.	If we leave before breakfast ____
11.	If the river rises any higher ____
12.	Her life might have been saved if ____
13.	If the volcano starts erupting ____
14.	The grass would look better if ____
15.	Unless it isa nice day ____
16.	If you don’t put enough stamps on a letter, the person who gets it ____
17.	He would lend it to you if ____
18.	Unless this hotel gets another cook ____
19.	If the storm becomes worse ____
20.	If your uncle sees you ____

 

Exercise 7.

Using the words in brackets, complete the text below with the appropriate conditional form.

 

George:	Mary, have you ever had a teacher who changed your life or influenced you greatly?
Mary:	Yes. But the teacher influenced me in a very negative way. I have always had problems with math, and I think it comes from my seventh grade math teacher, Mr. Brown. He thought girls couldn’t do math. If any girl ____ (to ask) a question, he always ____ (to sigh) and said “Girls can’t do math. It’s a well-known fact.” When a boy ____ (to ask) a question, he ____ (to smile) and ____ (to answer) it.
George:	That’s terrible! Your teacher actually said that to you?
Mary:	Yes. If he ever did let me answer a question, and I actually got it right, he always ____ (to say) that it was a lucky guess.
George:	Your parents should do something about him. They could have gone to the principle of the school and complained about the way Mr. Brown treated the girls. If you ____ (to be) my child, I ____ (to demand) that such an irresponsible teacher ____ (to be fired).
Mary:	You’re right! If somebody ____ (to force) Mr. Brown to treat the children equally, I ____ (to become) moreconfident in math
George:	That’s true. I’m glad our children don’t have teachers like that!

 

Exercise 8.

Write the correct form of the verb in brackets in each sentence.

 

Model:

I wish you (to write) more carefully in the future. I wish you would write more carefully in the future.   I wish my uncle (to be) here now to give us some advice. I wish my uncle were here now to give us some advice.   I wish I (to know) all about this matter several weeks ago. I wish I had known all about this matter several weeks ago.

 

1.	I wish I ____ (to have) more time now to help you with your lesson.
2.	I wish I ____ (to study) psychology when I was a college student.
3.	I wish someone ____ (to offer) to help me with that work tomorrow.
4.	I wish it ____ (to be) possible for me to help you with it yesterday.
5.	I wish it____ (to be) a little warmer in this room. I feel very cold.
6.	I wish it ____ (to rain) tomorrow in order to cool the air a little.
7.	I wish I ____ (to pay) attention to the teacher’s explanation yesterday.
8.	I wish our teacher ____ (to explain) that lesson to us again tomorrow.

 

Согласование времён
(The Sequence of Tenses)

Правило согласования времён обычно действует в сложноподчинённых предложениях с придаточными предложениями следующих типов: дополнительных придаточных предложениях (Object Clauses), придаточных предложениях времени (Adverbial Clauses of Time), цели (Adverbial Clauses of Purpose), следствия (Adverbial Clauses of Result), условных предложениях первого типа (Adverbial Clauses of Condition Type I).

Правило согласования времён в английском языке представляет определённую зависимость времени глагола в придаточном предложении от времени глагола в главном предложении.

Согласования времён состоит в следующем:

1. Если сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом в настоящем или будущем времени, то сказуемое придаточного предложения может стоять в любом требуемом по смыслу времени.

 

I think you are right.	Я считаю, что ты прав.
Do you know why he was absent yesterday?	Ты знаешь, почему он отсутствовал вчера?
I’ ll tell you what you will have to do.	Я скажу тебе, что тебе придётся сделать.

 

2. Если же сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени, то сказуемое придаточного предложения также должно стоять в одном из прошедших времён (Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Conditional (Future in the Past)).

Когда действия, выраженные сказуемыми обоих предложений, происходят одновременно, то в придаточном предложении сказуемое употребляется в Past Simple или Past Continuous, которые на русский язык обычно переводятся настоящим временем.

 

I didn’t know he could speak English.	Я не знал, что он может говорить по-английски.
He t old me that you were writing your composition.	Он сказал мне, что ты пишешь сочинение.

 

Если действие, выраженное сказуемым придаточного предложения, предшествовало действию главного предложения, то в придаточном предложении употребляется Past Perfect или Past Perfect Continuous,которые переводятся прошедшим временем.

 

I didn’t know she had gone away.	Я не знал, что она ушла.
They said that they had been walking for an hour when they saw the man.	Они сказали, что они уже шли в течение часа, когда они увидели этого человека.

 

Если в придаточном предложении речь идёт о будущем, то употребляются формы Conditional (Future in the Past).

 

I hoped he would come.	Я надеялся, что он придёт.
I didn’t expect you would be late.	Я не ожидал, что ты опоздаешь.

 

EXERCISES

 

Exercise 1.

Change the italicized verb in each sentence to Past Simple. Then change the following verb to Past Simple or Past Continuous.

 

Model:

I think Robert needs some money right away. I thought Robert needed some money right away.   Tom says Frank is writing letters to his friends. Tjm said Frank was writing letters to his friends.

 

1.	I know that they always study their lessons very carefully.
2.	My friend believes there is absolutely nothing to worry about.
3.	The newspaper article says that professor teaches at Harvard.
4.	Fred thinks the students are talking to the teacher.
5.	He says the members are discussing that matter now.
6.	That article says it rains a great deal in that country.
7.	I think Mr. Meyer is working on his English assignment.
8.	Mr. Jackson says he usually works thirty-five hours a week.
9.	I think that Professor Duncan is writing another book this year.

 

Exercise 2.

Change the italicized verb in each sentence to Past Simple. Then change the following verb to Past Perfect.

 

Model:

Mr.Kirby claims that he spoke to those people. Mr. Kirby claimed that he had spoken to those people.   The foreman says the men have done the work already. The fopreman said the men had done the work already.

1.	I think that Carol has never seen the Empire State Building.
2.	Bill says he forgot to buy a new dictionary last week.
3.	Their boss reports that they have had no trouble with the machine.
4.	I assume that you had no difficulty with that lesson yesterday.
5.	The newspaper reports that there have been several bad storms.
6.	I hear that your friend fell on some steps and broke his arm.
7.	I remember that the wind blew very hard the week before last.
8.	We suspect that Dr. Gray has heard the news already.
9.	Walter says that he won twenty-five dollars on the election bet.
10.	I know my friends haven’t received any letters from Robert.
11.	Our neighbours say the water in their pond froze very quickly.

 

Exercise 3.

Change the italicized verb to Past Simple. Then change the following verb in order to keep the same time relationship between the two verbs.

 

Model:

Dr. Gray says he will return next Monday or Tuesday. Dr. Gray said he would return next Monday or Tuesday.

 

1.	His secretary says he will return on the sixteenth of May.
2.	I suppose Walter will finish the work before next Friday.
3.	The message indicates he will be back fro Chicago next week.
4.	I think they will be able to return it before next Thursday.
5.	I presume that we’ll have to show the men how to use the machine.
6.	Everyone anticipates that we won’t succeed in getting permission.
7.	The evening paper says the weather wii be cloudy tomorrow.
8.	I think that I wii have plenty of time to finish all of the work.

 

Model:

We regret that we can stay only fifteen minutes longer. We regretted that we could stay only fifteen minutes longer.

 

1.	Harold thinks he can go to the movies with us tonight.
2.	Mr. Karhman says he can help us now but not tomorrow.
3.	My friend says she can’t come along with us this afternoon.
4.	Mr. Macris says he can pay back all the money before that time.
5.	Of course, I regret that I can’t help my friend financially.
6.	No one believes that you can persuade him to leave before Friday.

 

Model:

Mr.Thompson thinks we should go to the meeting tomorrow. Mr.Thompson thought we should go to the meeting tomorrow.   My teacher says I ought to work harder in the future. My teacher said I ought to work harder in the future.   Miss Adams says she must leave early tomorrow morning. Miss Adams said she had to leave early tomorrow morning.

 

1.	My friend thinks we should ask Mr. Fox about it tonight.
2.	The letter implies that you should tell him the truth about it.
3.	Mr. Simmons says I should ask my boss for a day off.
4.	John says you ought to send the letter today or tomorrow.
5.	Miss Fox thinks we ought to invite them to the party tomorrow.
6.	Mr. Harris says we must write two compositions for tomorrow.
7.	I regret that we must drive so fast to get there on time.
8.	The policeman says we must appear in court next Monday morning.

Exercise 4.

Choose the correct word or words from the brackets in each sentence.

 

1.	Helen regretted that she ____ (can, could) not go with us.
2.	Fred says that he ____ (has, had) forgotten the name of the book.
3.	Did the man tell you when he ____ (is, was) going to leave?
4.	We assumed that the meeting ____ (will, would) be over by that time.
5.	Mr. Berg hopes that they ____ (will, would) accept his application.
6.	I didn’t know that Tom ____ (has, had) enough money to buy a car.
7.	Janet didn’t recall what I ____ (told, had told) her the day before.
8.	I guess that our friends ____ (haven’t, hadn’t) heard the good news yet.
10.	We had to promise Charles that we ____ (will, would) help him.
11.	The senator claimed that he ____ (agrees, agreed) with the others.
12.	The man admits he ____ (has, had) had little experience in that field.
13.	We assume that the man ____ (can, could) help us with the work.
14.	Our friends asked us why we ____ (came, had come) there so early.
15.	He thought we ____ (should sent, should have sent) the letter next week.

Прямая и косвенная речь
(Direct and Indirect / Reported Speech)

Речь, которая передаёт подлинные слова какого-либо лица, называется прямой речью (Direct Speech).

Речь, передаваемая не слово в слово, а только по содержанию, в виде придаточных предложений, называется косвенной речью (Indirect Speech / Reported Speech).

 

Прямая речь	Косвенная речь
He said, “I am ready.” Он сказал: «Я готов».	He said that he was ready. Он сказал, что он готов.
She asked him, “Will you come?” Она спросила его: «Ты придёшь?»	She asked him if he would come. Она спросила его, придёт ли он.

 

Глаголы say, tell, ask

 

Глагол to say используется в прямой речи. Он также используется в косвенной речи, когда за ним не следует дополнение, указывающее на лицо, к которому обращаются с речью. Если же после to say имеется такое дополнение, то to say обычно заменяется глаголом to tell. To ask используется в прямых вопросах, а также в косвенных вопросах и командах.

 

Прямая речь	Косвенная речь
“I can do it,” he said.	He said (that) he could do it.
“I can do it,” he said to me.	He told me (that) he could do it.
He asked, “Are you tired?”	He asked me if I was tired.
He said to me, “Please, open the window.”	He asked me to open the window.

 

Выражения с say	say good morning/evening, etc., say something, say one’s prayers, say a few words, say so, say no more, say for certain, etc.
Выражения с tell	tell the truth, tell a lie, tell (somebody) the time, tell somebody one’s name, tell a story, tell a secret, tell somebody the way, tell one from another, tell somebody’s fortune, tell somebody so, tell the difference, etc.
Выражения с ask	ask a favour, ask the time, ask a question, ask the price, etc.

 

Прямая речь (Direct Speech) может представлять собой:

1)	повествовательное предложение (Declarative Sentence / Statement);
2)	вопросительное предложение (Interrogative Sentence);
3)	повелительное предложение (Imperative Sentence);
4)	восклицательное предложение(Exclamatory Sentence).

 

При изменении прямой речи в косвенную образуются придаточные дополнительные предложения (Object Clause), где действует согласование времён (Sequence of Tenses).

Времена сказуемых простых предложений (statements), передаваемых в косвенной речи, обычно изменяются следующим образом:

 

Direct Speech		Indirect / Reported Speech
Present Simple I like dancing.		Past Simple He said he liked dancing.
Present Continuous Is it snowing?		Past Continuous He asked if it was snowing.
Present Perfect She has never been in the USA. Have you ever been in the USA?		Past Perfect He said she had never been in the USA. He asked me if I had been in the USA.
Present Perfect Continuous We’ ve been waiting for ages.		Past Perfect Continuous We said we had been waiting for ages.
Past Simple Jack didn’t recognize me.		Past Perfect Jack said he hadn’t recognized me.
Past Perfect We hadn’t met her before that day.		Past Perfect They said they hadn’t met her.
Future Mary will be late.		Conditional (Future in the Past) I was afraid Mary would be late.
can / may I can play tennis. It may rain.		could, might He said he could play tennis. They hoped it might rain.
would, could, might, ought to, should You could/might be wrong.		would, could, might, ought to, should He thought I could/might be wrong.
must We must go.		must/had to He said they must go. He said they had to go.
Conditional I would/should like to see it.		Conditional I said I would/should like to see it.

 

При изменении прямой речи в косвенную происходит следующая замена наречий времени и места, а также указательных местоимений:

 

DirectSpeech	ReportedSpeech
this, these	that, those, the
now	then, at that time, at once, immediately
here	there
tonight, today	that night, that day
yesterday	the day before
last night/week/month/year	the previous night/week/month/year a night/week/month/year before
the day before yesterday	two days before
tomorrow	the next day/the following day
the day after tomorrow	in two days’ time/two days later
next week/month/year	the following/the next week/month/year
ago	before

 

Такая замена наречий и местоимений при обращении прямой речи в косвенную происходит только в том случае, если время и место, когда была произнесена прямая речь, изменились при передаче её в косвенную.

 

Вопрос в косвенной речи

 

При обращении прямого вопроса в косвенный вопрос обратный порядок слов в прямом вопросе заменяется прямым порядком слов, т. е. подлежащее предшествует сказуемому.

Косвенные вопросы, соответствующие в прямой речи общим вопросам, присоединяются к главному предложению союзами if или whether. Эти союзы соответствуют в русском языке частице ли. Запятая перед союзами if и whether не ставится.

 

Прямая речь	Косвенная речь
She said, “Have you read the morning papers?” Она сказала: «Вы читали утреннюю газету?»	She asked whether (if) I had read the morning paper. Она спросила, читал ли я утреннюю газету.
He asked, “Do you understand the question?” Он спросил: «Вы понимаете этот вопрос?»	He asked him if he understood the question. Он спросил его, понимает ли он этот вопрос.

 

Косвенные вопросы, соответствующие в прямой речи специальным вопросам, присоединяются к главному предложению тем же вопросительным словом, с которго начинался вопрос в прямой речи.

 

Прямая речь	Косвенная речь
Ann said, “Why do they want to buy a house?” Анна сказала: «Почему они хотят купить дом?»	Ann asked why they wanted to buy a house. Анна спросила, почему они хотят купить дом.
He asked me, “Who has come?” Он спросил меня: «Кто пришёл?»	He asked me who had come. Он спросил меня, кто пришёл.

 

Повелительное наклонение в косвенной речи вводится одним из следующих глаголов: to ask, to request, to beg просить, to tell велеть, сказать, to order приказать. За глаголом следует имя существительное в общем падеже или местоимение в объектном падеже, выполняющее функцию дополнения и обозначающее лицо, к которому обращено приказание или просьба.

При обращении в косвенную речь, глагол в повелительном наклонении заменяется инфинитивом. Отрицательная форма глагола заменяется инфинитивом с предшествующей частицей not.

 

Прямая речь	Косвенная речь
She said to me, “Open the window, please.” Она сказала мне: «Откройте, пожалуйста, окно».	She asked me to open the window.   Она попросила меня открыть окно.
She said to me, “Don’t open the window, please.” Она сказала мне: «Не открывайте, пожалуйста, окно».	She asked me not to open the window.   Она попросила меня не открывать окно.

 

Времена не изменяются при обращении из прямой речи в косвенную в следующих случаях:

1) когда говорящий выражает общеизвестные факты, постоянные состояния или условия.

 

“Water turns into ice”, he said.

He said water turns into ice.

 

2) когда говорящий передаёт только что сказанную информацию.

 

“I will call you back”, he said.

He said he will call me back. (пересказано сразу же) He said he would call me back. (информация передается позже)

 

3) если говорящий передаёт информацию, которая, как полагают, верна, то время в придаточном предложении может измениться, или остаться тем же. Но если передаваемая информация неверная, то время в придаточном предложении обязательно изменяется.

 

“He likes this cell phone”, he said. (верно)	He said he likes / liked this cell phone.
“Germany is a poor country”, he said. (неверно)	He said Germany was a poor country.

 

4) времена не изменяются, если передаваемая в косвенной речи информация содержит маловероятные действия в прошлом, условные предложения типа 2 или типа 3 или предложения с wish.

 

“If I had money, I would go to London”, he said.	He said that if he had money, he would go to London.
“I wish I had a day off tomorrow”, he said.	He said that he wished he had a day off the next day.