Rachel said: If I had known you were in hospital.... This tells us that she didn't know he was in hospital.
We use if + had + verb 3... to talk about the past (if I had known/been/done etc.):
I didn't see you when you passed me in the street. If I'd seen you, of course I would have said hello, (but I didn't see you)
I decided to stay at home last night. I would have gone out if I hadn't been so tired, (but I was tired)
If he had been looking where he was going, he wouldn't have walked into the wall.
(but he wasn't looking)
The view was wonderful. If I'd had a camera with me, I would have taken some
photographs, (but I didn't have a camera)
Compare:
I'm not hungry. If I was hungry, I would eat something, (now)
I wasn't hungry. If I had been hungry, I would have eaten something, (past)
Do not use would in the if part of the sentence. We use would in the other part of the sentence:
If I had seen you, I would have said hello, (not If I would have seen you)
Note that 'd can be would or had:
If I'd seen you, (I'd seen = I had seen)
I'd have said hello. (I'd have said = I would have said)
We use had (done) in the same way after wish. I wish something had happened = I am sorry that it didn't happen:
I wish I'd known that Gary was ill. I would have gone to see him. (but I didn't know)
I feel sick. I wish I hadn't eaten so much cake. (I ate too much cake)
Do you wish you had studied science instead of languages? (you didn't study science)
Do not use would have... after wish:
The weather was cold while we were away. I wish it had been warmer, (not! wish it would have been)
Compare would (do) and would have (done):
If I had gone to the party last night, I would be tired now. (I am not tired now present)
If I had gone to the party last night, I would have met lots of people. (I didn't meet lots of people - past)
Compare would have, could have and might have:
we would have gone out. we could have gone out.
If the weather hadn't been so bad, \ (= we would have been able to go out)
we might have gone out.
(= perhaps we would have gone out)
Exercises:
Put the verb into the correct form.
1 I didn't know you were in hospital. If.......... (I / know),.... (I / go) to see you.
2 Sam got to the station just in time to catch the train to the airport. If..........................(he / miss) the train,............................. (he / miss) his flight.
3I'm glad that you reminded me about Amanda's birthday.
...............................(I / forget) if.............................(you / not / remind) me.
4 Unfortunately I forgot my address book when I went on holiday. If...............................(I / have) your address,..............(I / send) you a postcard.
5 A: How was your holiday? Did you have a nice time?
B: It was OK, but.................(we / enjoy) it more if........ (the weather / be) nicer.
6 I took a taxi to the hotel, but the traffic was bad.
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...............................................(it / be) quicker if.......................(I / walk).
7 I'm not tired. If......................................(I / be) tired, I'd go home now.
8 I wasn't tired last night.
If............. (I / be) tired, I would have gone home earlier.
For each situation, write a sentence beginning with If.
1 I wasn't hungry, so I didn't eat anything.
..........................................................................................................
2 The accident happened because the road was icy.
If the road............................................................................................
3 I didn't know that Joe had to get up early, so I didn't wake him up.
If I.......................................................................................................
4 I was able to buy the car only because Jane lent me the money.
5 Karen wasn't injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt.
6 You didn't have any breakfast - that's why you're hungry now.
7 I didn't get a taxi because I didn't have any money.
Imagine that you are in these situations. For each situation, write a sentence with I wish.
1 You've eaten too much and now you feel sick.
You say:...............................................................................................................
2 There was a job advertised in the newspaper. You decided not to apply for it. Now you think that your decision was wrong.
You say: I wish I............................................................................................
3 When you were younger, you never learned to play a musical instrument. Now you regret this. You say:.............................................................................
4 You've painted the gate red. Now you think that red was the wrong colour.
You say:...........................................................................................................
5 You are walking in the country. You'd like to take some photographs, but you didn't bring your camera.
You say:.......................................................................................................
6 You have some unexpected guests. They didn't phone first to say they were coming. You are very busy and you are not prepared for them.
You say (to yourself):....................................................................................
Translate the sentences into your own language.
Interesting Food Facts
During the Alaskan Klondike gold rush, (1897-1898) potatoes were practically worth their weight in gold. Potatoes were so valued for their vitamin C content that miners traded gold for potatoes.
Astronaut John Glenn ate the first meal in space when he ate pureed applesauce squeezed from a tube aboard Friendship 7 in 1962.
Fortune cookies were invented in 1916 by George Jung, a Los Angeles noodle maker.
In 1990, Bill Carson, of Arrington, Tennessee, grew the largest watermelon at 262 pounds.
In a true Chinese meal, the last course is soup because it allows the roast duck entree to "swim" toward digestion.
In the United States, a pound of potato chips costs two hundred times more than a pound of potatoes.
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Pine, spruce, or other evergreen wood should never be used in barbecues. These woods, when burning or smoking, can add harmful tar and resins to the food. Only hardwoods should be used for smoking and grilling, such as oak, pecan, hickory, maple, cherry, alder, apple, or mesquite, depending on the type of meat being cooked.
Refried beans aren't really what they seem. Although their name seems like a reasonable translation of Spanish frijoles refritos, the fact is that these beans aren't fried twice. In Spanish, refritos literally means "well-fried," not "re-fried."
Rice is the staple food of more than one-half of the world's population.
Saffron, made from the dried stamens of cultivated crocus flowers, is the most expensive cooking spice.
Since Hindus don't eat beef, the MacDonald's in New Delhi makes its burgers with mutton.
The colour of a chilli is no indication of its spiciness, but size usually is - the smaller the pepper, the hotter it is.
The difference between apple juice and apple cider is that the juice is pasteurized and the cider is not.
The dye used to stamp the grade on meat is edible. It's made from grape skins.
The fungus called truffles are sniffed out from the ground by female pigs, which detect a compound that is in the saliva of male pigs as well. The same chemical is found in the sweat of human males. One variety, Tuber melanosporum, can cost between $800 and $1,500 a pound.
The largest living organism ever found is a honey mushroom, Armillaria ostoyae. It covers 3.4 square miles of land in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon, and it's still growing
The worlds deadliest mushroom is the Amanita phalloides, the death cap. The five different poisons contained by the mushroom cause diarrhea and vomiting within 6 to 12 hours of ingestion. This is followed by damage to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system - and, in the majority of cases, coma and death.
When honey is swallowed, it enters the blood stream within a period of 20 minutes.
When Swiss cheese ferments, a bacterial action generates gas. As the gas is liberated, it bubbles through the cheese leaving holes. Cheese-makers call them "eyes."
Unit 11
Text: History of Tomatoes
Grammar: Phrasal verbs: form and meaning
Formation
A phrasal verb is a verb + adverb or preposition, and occasionally a verb + adverb and preposition.
The price of petrol is going up (= increasing) again.
He fell over (= fell to the ground) and hurt his knee.
She's trying to find out (= learn/discover) the name of that new hotel.
Who's going to look after (= take care of) the children when their mother is in hospital?
If you don't understand the meaning, look it up. (= find the meaning in a dictionary)
He doesn't get on with (= have a good relationship with) his parents, (verb + adv + prep)
Meaning
Sometimes the adverb or preposition doesn't change the meaning, but makes it sound more natural.
I didn't wake up until 7 o'clock. I'm saving up for a new computer.
Hurry up or we'll be late. She stood up and went over to the door.
Sit down and be quiet. He told me to lie down on the bed.
Sometimes an adverb adds a particular meaning. For example, back can mean 'return'.
I'm going to take that jacket back to the shop; it's too small.
You can look at the books but remember to put them back on the shelf.
More often, the adverb or preposition changes the meaning of the verb: 'take off doesn't mean the same as 'take', and 'get on' doesn't mean the same as 'get'. Here are some examples:
It took her a long time to get over (= get better/recover from) her illness.
We'll take a short break and then carry on (= continue) with the meeting.
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My wife has decided to give up (= stop) smoking.
I can't make any sandwiches - we've run out of bread. (= no bread is left; it is finished)
I've told them we can't put the meeting off. (= change the time of the meeting to a later date)
Multiple meanings
Be careful: many phrasal verbs have more than one meaning.
It was so hot I had to take off (= remove) my jacket.
I'm always nervous when the plane takes off. (= leaves the ground)
I've got a lot of work to get through (= finish) before Friday.
I tried phoning him, but I couldn't get through. (= make contact and
talk to him)
My alarm clock didn't go off (= ring) this morning.
The bomb could go off (= explode) at any minute. [See picture.]
The fish will go off (= go bad) if you don't put it in the fridge.
I picked up most of the rubbish. (= took it from a place, using my hands) I have to pick Jane up (= collect her in my car) from the station.
Grammar: intransitive verbs
Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. They don't need an object after the verb, and we cannol put another word between different parts of the verb.
He grew up in a city. (= spent his childhood/developed into an adult) (NOT He grew
in a city up.)
Don't wait out there. Please come in. (= enter)
I'm going to stay in (= stay at home) this evening.
We set off (= started the journey; usually a long journey) at about 7.30.
Grammar: transitive verbs
Many phrasal verbs are transitive: they need a direct object after the verb. You can usually put the object between the different parts of the verb, or after the phrasal verb.
Put on your shoes. / Turn on the TV. / Take off your coat. /
Put your shoes on. / Turn the TV on. Take your coat off.
If the object is a pronoun, it must go in the middle.
Put them on. / (Put on them.) Turn it on. J (Turn on it.) Take it off. (Take off it,)
In dictionaries
You can use a dictionary to check the grammar. Most dictionaries show it like this:
carry on, get by (= intransitive phrasal verb)
I can get by in French. (= I can manage in French, but I don't speak it well.)
put sth<>on, throw sth<>away (= transitive phrasal verb)
Did you throw those books away? (= get rid of them/put them in a rubbish bin)
Did you throw away those books?
get over sth, look after sb/sth (= verb + preposition + object)
Maria will look after (= take care of) the children. (Maria will look after them.)
D Style: formal or informal?
Most phrasal verbs are more common in spoken English. In written English there is often a more formal word with the same meaning. (The other words in bold are often used with these verbs.)
make sth up = invent/create sth (from your imagination), e.g. We had to make up a story, leave sth out = omit sth (= decide not to do sth), e.g. You can leave out question 7. sort sth out = solve sth (such as a problem), e.g. We asked the computer guy to sort it out. turn sb/sth down = reject sth (= say no to sth), e.g. I offered him £50, but he turned it down
Some phrasal verbs are used in written English if there is no other easy way to express the I meaning.
wake up, e.g. I always wake up early, even at weekends.
break down (= go wrong/stop working), e.g. The car broke down on the motorway.
take off (= leave the ground), e.g. The plane couldn't take off because of bad weather.
break into sth (= enter by force, often illegally), e.g. Thieves broke into the house and stole £500.
