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, ', , , - . , . , "train" () "train of thoughts" ( ). : 1) train " ()", , , 2) the prince and his train "" - , . . 3) funeral train " " - , a train of camels -""; 5) a train of thoughts - , ; 7) a train of misfortunes - ; 10) train bombing - (.) () , " " " [3, . 27-28].

 

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The transformational theories consist of many varieties which may have differentnames but they all have one common feature: the process of translation is regarded as transformation.

According to the transformational approach translation is viewed as the transformation of objects and structures of the source language into those of the target.

Within the group of theories which we include in the transformational approach a dividing line is sometimes drawn between transformations and

equivalencies.

In the transformational approach we shall distinguish three levels of substitutions morphological equivalenacies, lexical equivalenacies, and syntactic equivalencies and/or transformations.

From the above you may conclude that according to the transformational approach translation is a set of multi-level replacements of a text in one language by a text in another governed by specific transformation rules.

However, the transformational approach is insufficient - when the original text corresponds to one indivisible concept which is rendered by the translator as a text in another language also corresponding to the relevant indivisible concept.

For instance, the translation of almost any piece of poetry cannot be explained by simple substitution of target, language words and word combinations for those of source language.

This type of translation is characteristic of any text, written or spoken, rather than only for poetry or high-style prose and the denotative approach is an attempt to explain such translation cases.

According to denotative approach the process of translation is not just mere substitution but consists of the following mental operations:

♦ translator reads (hears) a message in the source language;

♦ translator finds a denotatum and concept that correspond to this message;

♦ translator formulates a message in the target language relevant to the above denotatum and concept.

According to communicational approach translation is a message sent by a translator to a particular user and the adequacy of translation depends on similarity of their background information rather than only on linguistic correctness.

Naturally enough when communicating we inform others about something we know. That is in order to formulate a message, we use our system of interrelated data, which is called a thesaurus. We shall distinguish between two kinds of thesauruses in verbal communication: language thesau-rus and subject thesaurus.

Language thesaurus is a system of our knowledge about the language which we use to formulate a message, whereas subject thesaurus is a system of our knowledge about the content of the message. Thus, in order to communicate, the message sender formulates the mental content of his or her message using subject thesaurus, encodes it using the verbal forms of language thesaurus, and conveys it to the message recipient, who decodes the message also using language thesaurus and interprets the message using subject thesaurus as well. This is a simple description of monolingual com-munication.

One may note that the communicational approach pays special attention to the aspects of translation relating to the act of communication, whereas the translation process as such remains unspecified, and one may only presume that it proceeds either by a transformational or denotative path (see their relevant descriptions above).

The transformational approach quite convincingly suggests that in any language there are certain regular syntactic, morphological, and word-building structures which may be successfully matched with their analogies in another language during translation.

The denotative approach treats different languages as closed systems with specific relationships between formal and conceptual aspects, hence in the process of translation links between the forms of different languages are established via conceptual equivalence.

The communicational approach highlights a very important aspect of translation - the matching of thesauruses. Translation may achieve its ultimate target of rendering a piece of information only if the translator knows the users' language and the subject matter of the translation well enough (i.e. if the translator's language and subject thesauruses are sufficiently complete) [8, . 40-43].

 

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1. , . . [] / . . . - .: . 2001. 360 .

2. , . . [] / . . // . . - 2004. - . 63, 1. -. 33-44.

3. , . . [] / . . // . - 2003. - 5. - . 26-34.

4. , . . [] / . . . -.: , 1983.-. 148-171.

5. , . . [] / . . . -. - : : -, , - 2006. - 184 .

6. , . . [] / . . // . - 1996.- . 100-112.

7. , . . : [] / . . . : , - 2008. 224 .

8. Miram, G. et al. Basic Translation [Text] / G. Miram. - .: ͳ-, 2003. - . 40-

 

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Here is the essence of the theory: When one encounters a new situation (or makes a substantial change in one's view of the present problem) one selects from memory a structure called a frame. This is a remembered framework to be adapted to fit reality by changing details as necessary.

A frame is a data-structure for representing a stereotyped situation, l ike being in a certain kind of living room, or going to a child's birthday party. Attached to each frame are several kinds of information. Some of this information is about how to use the frame. Some is about what one can expect to happen next. Some is about what to do if these expectations are not confirmed.

We can think of a frame as a network of nodes and relations. The "top levels" of a frame are fixed, and represent things that are always true about the supposed situation. The lower levels have many terminals - "slots" that must be filled by specific instances or data. Each terminal can specify conditions its assignments must meet. (The assignments themselves are usually smaller "subframes.") Simple conditions are specified by markers that might require a terminal assignment to be a person, an object of sufficient value, or a pointer to a subframe of a certain type. More complex conditions can specify relations among the things assigned to several terminals.

Once a trace is proposed to represent a situation, a matching process - tries to assign values to each frame's terminals, consistent with the markers at each place. The matching process is partly controlled by information associated with the frame (which includes information about how to deal with surprises) and partly by knowledge about the system's current goals. There are important uses for the information, obtained when a matching process fails.

I do not like the following model very much, but something of its sort seems needed. A Global Space Frame (GSF for short) is a fixed collection of "typical locations" in an abstract three dimensional space, and copies of it, are used as frameworks for assembling components of complex scenes. One might imagine such a skeleton as a five-by-five horizontal array of "places", each with three vertical levels. The central cells represent zone near the center of interest, while the peripheral cells have to represant everything else [7].

 

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1. , . . [] / . .

2. . . . // . - 1999. - . 11. -. 3-20.

3. , . [] / . . - .: , 1979.

4. / . . . . . . - .: , 1987. - . 64-128.

5. , . . [] / . . . .: , - 2001. - . 25-37.

6. , . . [] / . . // ³ - 2001.- 424. - 174-183.

7. Minsky, . A framework for representing knoweledge [Text] / M. Minsky // Artificial Intelligence. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, - 1974.

 

2.3

 

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