()
. . , , , . , , . . , . (, , ) , . , , , , . , . [11].
, , [5, 7, 10].
1 = 1000 3600 = 3600000 = 3.6
1 | 3.6 |
0.1 | 360 |
1 | 0.278 |
100 | 27.8 |
[3, 6]
1. [2]
1 250 : E = CU2 /2 = 1 ∙ 2502 /2 = 31.25 ~ 8.69 . , 120 . 0.26 /. 9 . 20 . . : .
2.
[5]. 2000 5 . , . E = mgh ~ 2000 ∙ 10 ∙ 5 = 100 ~ 27.8 . 0.05 /. 28 . 20 . : .
|
|
. 10 () . , . 10 . E = mgh ~ 10000 ∙ 10 ∙ 10 = 1 = 0.278 . 0.1 /. 280 . 20 . : , .
3. [3, 4]
, , E = 0.5 J w2, J - .
R H:
J = 0.5 p r R4 H
r - , .
Vmax ( 200 / ).
Vmax = wmax R wmax = Vmax /R
Emax = 0.5 J w2max = 0.25 p r R2 H V2max = 0.25 M V2max
: Emax /M = 0.25 V2max
10 /. 100 (R = 0.2 , H = 0.1 ) 0.25 ∙ 3.14 ∙ 8000 ∙ 0.22 ∙ 0.1 ∙ 2002 ~ 1 ~ 0.278 . 280 . 20 . : , [3, 4].
4. [1]
- 190 12 50 % 10 9 . 12 ∙ 10 ∙ 9 = 1.08 ~ 3.9 . 70 56 /. 1080 . 3... 5 . : , , 12 , , 12 , 12/220 [8, 9].
5.
1 3 50 . , 5 . . A, , [12]:
A = (M / m) R T ln (V2 / V1)
M - , m - , R - , T - , V1 - , V2 - . (P1 V1 = P2 V2) V2 / V1 = 50, R = 8.31 /( ), T = 293 0K, M / m ~ 50: 0.0224 ~ 2232, 2232 ∙ 8.31 ∙ 293 ∙ ln 50 ~ 20 ~ 5.56 . 250 . 80 /. 5.5 . 20 . : , , , , .
|
|
.
, | , / | 100 , | , | ||
1 , 250 , 120 | 31.25 | 0.26 | 5.2 | 20 | |
2 , 5 | 0.05 | 16.7 | 20 | ||
10 , 10 | 0.1 | 20 | |||
100 , 0.4 , 0.1 | 20 | ||||
- | 190 , 12 , 70 | 3... 5 | |||
1 3 250 50 | 20 |
, , , , .
:
1. . . . : / . . , . . , . . . - .: , 1988. - 288 .: .
2. ( )
3. . . " ": - - / . . - .: . ., 1984. - 143 ., .
4. . . - , 2008, 12.
5. . ., . ., . . . - , 1981, 3.
6. : . / . . , . . , . . , . . ; . . . . - .: , 1991. - 400 .: .
7.
8. =12/~220 50 100
9. =12/~220 50 600
10.
11.
12. . ., . . / . 7 ., . .: "", . . .- ., 1978. 944 .; .
:
- (. Accumulator - ) - .
- - .
- ( ) - .