,
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.
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:
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- .
(external convertibility) ,
(international convertibility) , . . :
( ) ;
.
. .
(currency co-circulation) , [7, . 23].
, , , . . . , .
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1. (gold standard) , .
2. (gold- exchange standard) , , , , .
3. , , .
4. (European Monetary System) .
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() (exchange rate) , . , , . , .
(currency quotation) . , -.
-, , , . [7, . 41-58]
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( 18.2.).
. 18.2.
:
.