: , .
, ( ) .
.
, , . n, l, m ms, , ( ), n, l m, - ms = 1/2.
- . 2(2*l+1). 2*n2.
, ms. 2p - 2p2, .
, , .
. , , , , .
4. . s-, sp-, ds- f- .
, , .
1 H 1s1
2 He 1s2 1,2,3,4 - s -
3 Li 1s2 2s1
4 Be 1s2 2s2
5 B 1s2 2s2 2p1 sp .
21 Sc 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1 sd
111 Rg 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s2..............
f . (s,p,d,f). , .
5. , , .
2
1. R .
2. ( ). R 1/2 , ; 0, .
I () () (/) (/), , .
Al0 - 1ẽ → Al1+- 1ẽ → Al2+- 1ẽ → Al3+
I1 < I2 < I3
. =1/2( +) Li, 0. ()=2,5 ()=3,5 F=4 .