. , , , (. . ). . , , , . , , . (), . , () :
1. M colleague being away, I had to take the decision
myself.
, .
2. Weather permitting, the astronomer will proceed with
his observation.
, .
3. The signal given, the rocket starts immediately.
( ) ,
.
4. The astronomer proceeded with his observation, (he
sky having cleared.
, ( ) .
5. There being many people in the conference hall, we could
not enter it.
, .
6. The sodium atom has eleven electrons, the eleventh one
occupying a position outside of the second shell.
, .
7. We continued our work, with our laboratory assistants
helping us.
, .
1. , I II, (. 1, 2, 3). (. 4).
2. there , , (. 5).
3. , , , (. 6). .
4. with, (. 7).
5. , other conditions (factors, things) being equal :
Other conditions being equal, the acceleration remains constant. .
6. II include , exclude () + , :
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Aristotle (384332 . .) exerted tremendous influence on all branches of learning, physics included.
, ..
. :
I
1. The electron is about as large as a nucleus, its diameter
being about 10-12 cm.
2. Silver being very expensive, we only rarely use it as a
conductor.
3. Radioactivity discovered, we made great progress in
atomic physics.
4. The square of any number being positive, the square
root of a negative number is imaginary.
5. Acids react with oxides of all the metals, a salt and
water being formed.
6. Hydrogen consisting of discrete particles is a molecule,
each one made up of 2 hydrogen atoms.
7. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot
measure it by ordinary methods.
8. Water being denser than air, rays are refracted towards
the perpendicular.
9. Other liquids being too light, a barometer uses mercury.
10. Other things being equal, the efficiency is less in
irreversible cyclic processes.
II
11. Hydrogen atoms are lighter than those of any other
elements; those of the rare gas helium are the next, each of
them weighing about four times as much as a hydrogen
atom.
12. As the wavelength of such waves decreases they
become more penetrating, gamma-rays being able to travel
through as much as one foot of iron.
13. The atoms break up in a perfectly ordered fashion,
independent of imposed conditions so far as is known, each
atom yielding a new atom, with the emission of the energy difference between the new state and the old.
14. The radioactive sulphur may be added to sulphite and
then removed, the resulting sulphite containing little or no
radioactive sulphur.
15. Solid NO3F at liquid-air temperatures is violently and
dangerously explosive, little or no shock being sufficient to
set it off.
16. Some of the reactions of nitrous acid with reducing
agents have been studied with care, such being the case, for
example, with arsenous acid.
17. Sulphur trioxide reacts with some solid halides to
liberate the free halogen, this being especially the case with
iodides.
18. Other things being equal, we should expect lines from
elements in relatively large amounts to be the more prominent.
19. There being no atmosphere, the lunar surface is
exposed to direct sunlight.
20. The Moon is mainly responsible for the tides on the
Earth, with the Sun also assisting simply by its direct attraction
of the water.
21. We have not one but many potential surfaces, with
no reasonably exact way of calculating the configuration of
even the simplest.
