1. . ( ), . that, what, which.
, , . . :
Here is the substance which he has assumed to possess the properties required.
, , ( ), .
. what, which :
Here is the substance he had assumed to possess... ( .)
2. , () . (. . assume, consider, expect, find, know .). .
1) ;
;
,
.
2)
,
,
:
This substance they supposed to be an element.
1) ,
.
2) , (
), .
:
1. Which would you expect to be more metallic gallium
(No 31) or germanium (No 32)? Why?
2. Only a few of the substances that we now know to
be elements, twelve to be exact, were known in 1630.
3. The solution of this salt which we might expect to be
neutral acts as a base.
4. Strong acids Arrenius assumed to be highly ionized.
5. Mendeleeff predicted the eventual discovery of certain
elements he had assumed to be missing from the table.
22.
. , . , :
1. Their method was to add radon to the substance to
be examined.
2. They expected the acceleration to be different for
different weights but this was not the case.
3. In Table 11 are given the atomic weights of the
elements, taking that of oxygen to equal 16.
|
|
|
4. This theory was the first concept of matter to be based
upon experimental evidence.
5. It is customary to consider the electric current to flow
in the opposite direction to the motion of the electrons which
constitute it.
23.
( " ")
" " .
, , , 1) 2) . : know , consider , believe , think , see , hear . -
: seem, appear ; prove, turn out ; happen, chance , . : be likely , ; be unlikely, be not likely , ; be sure, be certain , (. . 54).
" ".
1) ( )
- .
( ).
,
.
2)
. ,
, :
This student is known to work hard.
1- : , .
2- : , , .
1. :
, .
2. - , : The interpretation was found to be convincing. .
3. :
The substance was supposed to contain admixtures. .
(seem, appear, prove .) be likely ., (1- ) (2- ) :
seems to know this rule well. -, . , -, .
They are likely to come here. , . , , . .
, , ( " "):
1) announce
assume* ,
believe*
consider*
choose * ,
|
|
|
estimate
expect , ,
find ,
, ,
hear
hold*
know
observe*
realize*
report
reveal
say , ,
show
see
state ,
suppose ,
take* ,
think* ,
understand*
2) appear* }
} ,
seem }
prove (to be)* }
turn out (to be) }
come out (to be) }
happen } , ,
chance }
3) be likely ,
be unlikely } ; ,
be not likely } ;
be sure }
} ,
be certain }
1. " " prove - be . prove ( proven proved) :
Your advice proved to be helpful. .
Gold was proven to be unattacked by moisture. , ( ).
2. find :
The results obtained were found to be in perfect agreement with earlier findings.
, , .
3. suppose "
* " "
", , , :
Dr. Meyer is supposed to arrive at 10.
, - 10.
- 10.
4. report '.
The people from the Laboratory of Low Temperatures are reported to have completed their experiment.
(, ) .
5. happen :
An indicator is merely an acid (or a base) that happens to change colour when it loses (or gains) a proton.
( ), , ( ) .
6. seems to be likely -, '.
The acid seems to be likely to dissolve the precipitate. , -, .
:
I
1. Deformation appeared to have no measurable effect
of conductivity.
2. They seem to have applied strong ionization.
3. The people from the Institute of Optics are known to
work hard at a new device.
4. The new method is believed to have given good results.
5. The result was expected to agree with theoretical
predictions.
6. The theory suggested by Dr. McCarty is reported to
fit the experimental data.
II
7. Other gases were found to behave like air.
8. The Greeks seem to have manufactured the first lens.
9. Pluto proved to have a diameter of only 3600 miles.
10. The planet is unlikely to have retained any appreciable atmosphere.
11. The presence of neutrons is likely to raise no problem.
12. The light from a star only recently discovered is.
known to be coming to us during many years.
13. The gas is supposed to have been cooled and condensed
to form discrete solid particles.
14. The precipitate was observed to dissolve slowly.
15. Only a limited number of reactions are known to be
influenced by light.
16. At the end of the reaction the substance will be found
to consist of two elements.
|
|
|
17. The shared electrons circulate about both nuclei, but
are most likely to be found in the region betwen them.
18. Remote Chinese and Hindu philosophers appear to
have paid attention to chemistry.
19. A nucleus sometimes happens to capture an electron
from the k shell.
20. Alpha-rays were found to be merely positively charged
helium atoms.
21. If a particle moves in a circle with constant speed,
it is said to be in uniform motion.
22. The ancients seem to have thought that air and water
could be transformed into each other.
23. Highly energetic molecules are most likely to react.
24. The chief difficulty turned out to be the determination
of the formulae of the compounds.
25. Natural uranium has been stated to consist mainly of
two isotopes.
24. " "
. , .
1) " " , , (that, what, which) :
Here is the substance which has been shown to possess the properties required.
, , , .
They obtained what seemed to be a strong acid.
, , -, (-, ).
( , , , ).
. what , , , what :
They built what is believed to be the most powerful microscope of that time.
, , , .
, , , . .:
The beaker was filled with what appeared to be sulphuric acid. , .
2) " " , , :
Water was considered to be an element. , .
1. ( ) , , . hardly, scarcely , never '.
This substance has never been thought to possess radioactive properties. , .
2. " "
, . . , , 13 . 53:
The substance which was formerly thought to consist of two elements is... , () , ...
. " " , .
, . , , , .
|
|
|
does not appear to know them.
, - (), .
This substance was not observed to possess radioactive properties.
He , . ( ).
.: This substance is believed not to exhibit radiation. , .
. " " .
, , , :
This substance may easily be demonstrated to be a compound.
, .
, , .
.
, .
, , :
This substance is seen through a microscope to consist of small crystals.
, .
. be :
This method was considered by the author to be inaccurate. , .
. , , " ".
" ", :
This element was isolated and found to possess valuable properties.
, , .
. " " , there.
there seems to be, there arc believed to exist , there is, there exist . , :
There seems to be some confusion of terms in the paper. , -, .
. " " :
1. Heat was for a long time thought to be an invisible
all-pervading fluid.
2. In ancient times, light was thought by some philosophers
to be a property of the eye.
3. Air was considered by the ancients to be an element.
4. A number of salts have been prepared in the laboratory
which have not been found to occur naturally.
5. According to the "two fluid" hypothesis, there were
supposed to be two kinds of weightless and transferable
fluids.
6. The bombardment of beryllium by alpha-particles from
polonium gives rise to a very energetic type of radiation.
This radiation was first thought to consist of gamma-rays,
but the energy relationships were found to disagree with this
assumption.
7. Lansmair's attempt to account for spectral series without
the assumption of moving electrons cannot be said to possess
any real value.
8. They observed the scintillations of what appeared to
be a particles of about 8,4 cm range.
9. This state of motion gives a representation of what is
supposed to be the condition of matter in its gaseous state.
. , :
10. Hydrogen does not appear to combine with chlorine
with appreciable velocity in the dark.
11. This method does not seem to offer any advantages
over that discussed above.
12. There does not seem to be any obvious correlation
between the amount of various impurities and the absolute
resistivities.
. , :
13. Many materials which may appear to be amorphous
are really crystalline in structure.
14. Hydrogen has been left out of the table although its
valence might seem to place it in group 1.
15. In short, neither equation 2 nor equation 3 can yet
be said to have more than empirical foundation.
. , , :
|
|
|
16. The following laws were found by Snell and Descartes
to hold good for all cases of simple refraction.
17. This element might be expected from experience to
expand at heating.
18. In the course of time suggestions were made for
modifying the theory, which has been known for many years
to be inadequate, so as to bring it into better agreement
with the observed facts.
. , , , :
19. This substance has been isolated in a free form and
has been stated to fluoresce in the dark.
20. The basic theory of the effect is discussed and found
to be substantially in agreement with the experimental results.
21. Subsequently these two kinds of hydrogen were
separated experimentally, and a pure concentration of one
of them alone was made and found to have the predicted
properties.
E. , there is, there are (there seems to be):
22. There seems to be no practical limit to intensity.
23. There are believed to exist thousands of compounds
of nitrogen.
24. According to the "two fluid" hypothesis there were
supposed to be two kinds of weightless and transferable
fluids.
. :
25. This law does not seem to hold for all gases.
62
26. Table 8 shows some reactions which are at present
known to be of service.
27. Air was considered by the ancients to be an element.
28. Substances which are known to have low kindling
point must be kept with utmost care.
29. Particle A moves in a circle with constant speed, and
is said to be in uniform motion.
30. A precipitate which happens to be extremely slightly
soluble may fail to be dissolved completely.
31. Their efforts have not been reported to give any
definite results.
32. There does not appear to be an agreement between
these results.
33. They can hardly be said to have discovered this
phenomenon.
34. Our sun is a member of a group of dwarf red stars
in which iron is revealed by the spectroscope to be very
plentiful.
35. Above 100 the oxide (F2O2) decomposed slowly
to give what was at first thought to be a new oxide FO.
36. The atomic weight of radium was found by madame
Curie in 1903, by the analysis of radium chloride to be
approximately 225.
37. The presence of helium in uranium and thorium ores
had already been noticed and was seen to be significant.
