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. , , . , , , , , . , .[25] , . , , . . , , , . . , , .[26]
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. , , . , , , , . . , , , .[29] , , , , [30] .[31] .
: , , . 1, 3.
, , , , . . . , in abstracto. .
‑ , , . .[32]
, (universal wealth). , , , . .[33] , . , , , , , .[34]
, . , , .[35] , , , , money of the world [ ].
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[1], , , , , , , ; , , . . . ( , . 61 . [. , 13, . 67 .]). , , , , , , . , . . , . .
[2] . : ( ) ... (, ) , , ‑, . . , , , , ; , , . , : 1864 . , ( , ) , .
[3] 2 . , , . . , . , , , , , . III II, , . , . , , , . , , . , , , . 1855, 1856 1857 . 41 580 000 . ., 34 704 000 . , , , , , , , , , . , , , , ( . , . 52, 53 [. , 13, . 59, 60])
[4] 2 . , , , , : , ; , , (Maclaren. History of the Currency. London, 1858, p. 16)
[5] 2 . (measure of value) (standard of value). , ,
[6] 2 . ‑ Familiar Words (!) , ( ), , 1/4 : , , . , ,
[7] , , (Le Trosne, . ., . 919), , ,
[8] , , , , (F. Lassalle. Die Philosophie Herakleitos des Dunkeln. Berlin, 1858, Bd. I, S. 222). , . 224, 3,
[9] (Dr. Quesnay. Dialogues sur le Commerce et les Travaux des Artisans. Physiocrates, ed. Daire, partie I, Paris, 1846, p. 170), , ,
[10] , , e , (Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 586)
[11], ... , (La rsn, . ., . 909)
[12] , . , , ,
[13] () , , (La Trosne, . ., . 885)
[14] ... , , ‑ , , , , ; . ... , ?.. ... , , . , , , , ... ?.. 1) , , , , , , , , , . 2) , ... 3) , , , ‑ . , , , . , , , , . , (Sir Dudley North. Discourses upon Trade. London, 1691, p. 1115 passim). , , , . , , , , , regulation of currency [ ], , ,
[15] : . , , , ... , , , , , , ( ), , (William Petty. A Treatise of Taxes and Contributions. London, 1667, p. 17). . . . Political Arithmetic. London, 1774, : , . 112 . , . 149 [. , 13, . 149], : (. ) , . . , ex officio []. , , : , ... , , ‑ . , , (Wealth of Nations, b. IV, ch. I). . ex officio , , , , . .
[16] , , , , ; , , , , (Jacob Vanderlint. Money answers all Things. London, 1734, p. 5). oe Essays , . , , . , , , , ‑ , , , , , . , (. ., . 43, 44)
[17] , . , , . ‑ , , : = , = = . ; , , ... , ‑ , , , , . : . ... (Montesquieu, . ., . III, . 12, 13). , . , . 140146 . 150 . [. , 13, . 140146, 149 .]. ‑ . , , : Principles of Political Economy ( 1‑ ), . , , , . , , . ‑ , , , 1844 . : Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy. , , . ... , (Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest, 1691. Works, ed. 1777, vol. II, p. 15)
[18] , ... , (Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 573). , , ( , . 486)
[19] (John Bellers. Essays about the Poor, Manufactures, Trade, Plantations, and Immorality. London, 1699, p. 13)
[20] , , . . .
[21] , , , , ... , , . : , , , (North, . ., , . 3). , ‑ 56, , . ... , , , ( . . Reports on Bankacts 1857, 2084 2101). 1864 . 57, 1863 . 19 367 764 . 1864 . 109 652 917 . , 200 000 000
[22] . , (Martin Luther. An die Pfarrherrn, wider den Wucher zu predigen. Wittemberg, 1540)
[23] XVIII : , , , (An Essay on Credit and the Bankrupt Act, London, 1707, p.2)
[24] 2 . 1859 . , : , , , , , . , , , , ... ... , ... , ( . , 1859, . 119, 120 [. , 13, . 122])
[25] , , , , , . , , , , . { 3 .}
[26] amis du commerce [ ]: ( 1839 .) ( ) , , , , , 600 000 . ., , , ([H. Ry. ] The Theory of the Exchanges. The Bank Charier Act of 1844. London, 1864, p. 81). The Observer 24 1864 . : , , ... , , ,
[27] , , (, ") . 1856 ., , 1 000 000 . .
..
. .
..
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
(Report from the Select Committee on the Bankacts. July 1858, p. LXXI)
[28] , , . ... * (D, Defoe, ] An Essay upon Public Credit, 3 ed. London, 1710, p. 8)
[29] 1824 ., ‑ 1826 ., , 11 . , , slips of paper [ ], 3 , . . , , 3 . . ., , , , . . 7 . . ‑ , , , (John Fullarton. Regulation of Currencies, 2nd. ed. London, 1845, p. 86, ). , ,
[30]* , ‑, , , .
[31] : 40 ., 6 . () , ?, : : . , , , , 40 . 40/52 . , , , 10 . , , 1 13 , 10 . 40/52 . , 5 1/2 . , 5 1/2 ., (William Petty. Political Anatomy of Ireland 1672. edit. London, 1691, p. 13, 14)
[32] , , . , , , . . . , . 136 . [ , 13, . 137 . ]. 2 . 1844 . , , ( ), , , . () , { 4 . . 25 151/2: 1, 22: 1, . . , . . . , , , (Diodor, III, 12 14), . , , , , , . . , , ; , . 1 000 000 1 3, 8060 . , , , 40 90 , ; , , , . . , , , , , . , . , , . , , , . , 1: 15 1/2. . . .)
[33] , , , . , , ( , . 150 . [. , 13, . 119 .]). : , ... , 50 : ( ) : (N. rb, . ., . 59). ‑ The Literature of Political Economy: a classified catalogue. London, 1845, , , currency principle 60. , ; ‑ (‑ ), o facile princeps argentariorum [ ]
[34], , . .
[35] 2 . , , ‑ , , , , , 27 20 [ ], , , (Fullarton, . ., . 141). { 4 . , 18711873 . 30 , ‑ , , . .}
[36] , ... (Le Trosne, . ., . 916). , , , (J. Vanderlint, . ., . 40)
[37] , , (N. Barbon, . ., . 39)
[38] , , .
[39] , , , ... , ; (John Bellers. Essays about the Poor. London, 1699, p. 13). , ? , , , , , (W. tty. Quantulumcunque concerning Money, 1682, p. 39). , , ... , , , , , , , ... ; , , , (W. Petty. Political Anatomy of Ireland, p. 14, 15) 61