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( ). , , . : , .
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( ) - () . (, )
, , .
. ,
.
, . , (K-, L-, M-, ) . ( ) . , . . 1 2 , v=(1- 2)/h, h - . , , . .
20. , , . . - . :1) Ml , Ms. , . Ml ML Ms MS, MJ. LS . .2) Ml Ms , . Ms Ml Mj, MJ. jj . jj . LS . ML. ML = h L(L +1)., L . L L = l1 + l 2;l1 + l 2 −1;..., l1 − l 2, l1 l2 , . 2lmin+1 L (lmin - l1 l2). , , L l . L, l . l . . L. . z :MLz = mLh, mL = −L,....,0,......,L. :
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MS = h S(S +1)
MSz = mSh, mS = −S,....,0,......,S.
, L. MJ = h J(J + 1). ML MS J J = L + S,L + S −1,......, L − S. , J , S ( ), J , S ( ). z
MJz = mJh, mJ = −J,....,0,......,J.
, L, S J. J 2S+1L. L , . L = 0 S, L = 1 P, L = 2 D, L = 3 F . . .