.


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:

































 

 

 

 


Exercise 10. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate modal verbs to express strong obligation (must, have to) or mild obligation and advice (should, ought to)




1. You ____ compile all available information before you start writing

your term paper.

2. You ____ do this exercise again, there are many mistakes in your

written work.

3. The experimental methods ____ be widely used in economics.

4. The students ____ be very careful in handling computers at

yesterdays laboratory classes.

5. The manager ____ be consulted on this matter.

6. You ____ (not) work so hard, you know.

 

Exercise 11. Put the correct numbers from the list by the following sentences according to modal verb and concept. The first has been done for you.

       
   
Modal verb
 
Concept
 

 

 


Request Offer Intention Obligation (strong) Obligation (mild) Prohibition No obligation Ability Permission 1) could, 2) can, 3) would, 4) will, 5) will, 6) shall, 7) will, 8) have to, 9) must, 10) should, 11) ought to, 12) mustnt, 13) cant, 14) dont have to, 15) can, 16) could, 17) can, 18) may, 19) could    

 

She can read English, but she cant read German.

Could you do something for me? I have a problem.

I think you should write and apologize for the damaged book.

What time do you have to start the auditing?

He could give me all the information I needed.

Will you show me how to operate this calculator?

Could I use your phone for a moment?

All must be very careful when reading this text.

You mustnt drive if youve been drinking.

You cant leave your luggage here, its not allowed.

Shall I get another book for you?

Would you please read this sentence again?

 

Present Probability

 

 
 


can/ could/ may/ might/ must +

 

  be + Ving be + Adj

 

e.g. He cant/ couldnt be tired after doing such an easy exercise.

,

.

e.g. Where is John? He must be talking to the dean about his failure in

two subjects. ? , (), .

e.g. They may/ might be meeting her at the station. ,

.

 

Past Probability

must/ may/ might/ can/ could + have + V3 (Active)  
must/ may/ might/ can/ could + have been + V3 (Passive)

 

e.g. Mary must have translated this article yesterday. ,

, .

 

3

 

(The Infinitive), , , , , .

, .

(Vinf) (Ving) :

 

 

1. To study English is not easy. = Studying English is not easy. ( ) 1. . = .
2. He began to learn/learning English at school. ( ) 2. .

 

, :

I like to do my work very quickly. = I like doing my work very

quickly.

 

like (to do, doing) ( ), , , my work, .

. (Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect Perfect Continuous) (Active Passive).

 

: (to) be doing Continuous Infinitive Active

(to) have been done Perfect Infinitive Passive

 

The Infinitive

 

  Active Passive
Indefinite (to) do (to) be done
Continuous (to) be doing -
Perfect (to) have done (to) have been done
Perfect Continuous (to) have been doing -
     

 

:

 

1) (the subject of the sentence)

 

To own a company is a great responsibility. .

 

2) (object)

 

The bank began to take deposits. .

 

3) (complex object)

 

:

 

 
 
want/wish/expect + Noun/Pronoun + to-Infinitive


 
 
see/hear/observe/notice + Noun/Pronoun + Infinitive/Ving


 

 

, (want, wish, expect etc.) to, ( see, hear, observe) to (Ving).

, ( ), ( ).

, .

 

 

The teacher wanted the students/them to translate the text. , / .
The teacher saw the students/them translate/translating the text / / .    

 

 

4) (predicative)

 

The key to any money laundering scheme is to get the money into legitimate bank accounts. .

5) (attribute)

 

The creditors of a bankrupt limited company have no right to pursue the owners for the companys unpaid debts. ().

 

 

6) (adverbial modifier of purpose/result)

 

 

She stopped to talk to the teacher about the test. , () / .
Every major stock market around the world has at least one index which is used to represent the stock market as a whole. , , ( ), , .  
International companies very often combine to turn into a monopoly. .

 

 

7) (complex subject).

 

complex subject

 

predicate ()
He is believed to have read this book

in English.

= It is believed that he has read this

Book in English.

/ , .
Central banks are known to often use the reserve requirements to control money supply. , .

 

1

:

is said to ,

is heard to ,

is seen to ,

is known to ,

is reported to ,

is expected to , ..

is believed to ,

is considered to ,

:

to appear, to seem (), to happen (/),

to prove ().

e.g. He is said to go to London. (, .)

e.g. Clyde was expected to arrive at the week-end. (, .)

e.g. The delegation was reported to have arrived on Sunday. (, .)

e.g. She appears to be very busy. (, .)

e.g. We happened to meet them in the library. ( .)

 

2

(to have written, to have been written, to have seen . .) , (Perfect Tenses), . ., -.

 

 

She was sorry to have missed two lectures on Economics of the Enterprise. = She was sorry that she had missed two lectures on Economics of the Enterprise.   , .

 

3

, .

 





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