, .. . . . , , , . , . .
, , , . . , , .. , . , .. . :
(utilities) , , , , () ;
, , (, , ..);
, , ;
, (, ) , ;
, .
- (, BIOS) , . . , - -, .
(supervisor mode) (user mode).
, , , , . .
, , .
, .
(kernel). ; ( , kernel mode).
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"" . , Windows "" (NTOS kernel) (executive layer) (kernel layer).
(monolithic kernel) (microkernel). , , , , . , : , , . , , . .
, , (hybrid kernel).
:
- MS-DOS, Linux, FreeBSD;
- Mach, Symbian, MINIX 3;
- NetWare, BeOS, Syllable.
Windows NT , , Windows NT , , Windows NT , .
( ) (driver) , .
:
- (system DLL Dynamic Link Library, ), ;
- (shell), .
:
- (Text User Interface, TUI), (Console User Interface, CUI), (Command Line Interface, CLI);
- (Graphic User Interface, GUI).
Windows cmd.exe; Windows (explorer.exe).
. , , , : . , , , . (, UNIX) . , .
, ( , ). , , .
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(, ), , .
. . - , . , .
. (), - BIOS (Basic Input/Output System - /).
Reset {Ctrl+Alt+Del} POST (Power-ON Self Test). , .
(, 1 3 - , 5 - ). .
, {Del}. BIOS Setup, . , , . .
. , BIOS, . (, , CD-ROM) ( , ) Master Boot (- ).
- , . (.).
. |
, "Non system disk", "", .
. . , . , :, WINDOWS, :
C:\WINDOWS>
.