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CONTENT/
INTRODUCTION/ Ņ. 4
UNIT I
CHAPTER I
Petroleum industry and engineering: general information and history ( : ).............7
CHAPTER II
Origin and accumulation of hydrocarbons ( )..............15
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CHAPTER III
Geophysical methods of oil and gas exploration ( )...33
CHAPTER IV
Part I Equipment used for drilling operations (, )44
Part II Types of drilling and incident prevention ( )...............52
CHAPTER V
Well design and well head equipment ( )65
CHAPTER VI
Well completion and workover operations. ( ) .85
CHAPTER VII
Oil production ( ). ...94
CHAPTER VIII
Oil treatment, transportation and storage ( , )..103
UNIT II
CHAPTER I
The construction of pipeline ( ).................113
CHAPTER II
Pipeline valves and fittings ( )..........................................................................................................120
CHAPTER III
Oil refining ( ) .....130
CHAPTER IV
Health, safety, environment ( , )...136
CHAPTER V
International oil and gas reserve audit. Risk analysis of exploration operations. Fair market value of oil and gas objects. ( . . ) .148
CHAPTER VI
The impact of mining and oil extraction on the environment. ( ).... .. .153
CHAPTER VII
The effect of extracting, delivering and using Petroleum products on the environment ( , )...159
CHAPTER VIII
Companies and people that are involved in a drilling process ( ) ..162
UNIT III
CHAPTER I
Main parts of a rotary rig ( )......170
CHAPTER II
The hoisting system ( )... ... 173
CHAPTER III
The fluid circulation system ( ).176
CHAPTER IV
The rotary system ( ) .179
CHAPTER V
The well control system ( 酅.181
CHAPTER VI
Well monitoring system ( ) ..184
CHAPTER VII
Special marine equipment ( )..186
CHAPTER VIII
Rotary drilling bit ( )......189
UNIT IV
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
( ) ...193
Text 1 Oil Business.193
Text 2 Creekology..195
Text 3 How are oil and natural gas produced? .195
Text 4 Gas Drive Reservoirs198
Text 5 Range of explored depths198
Text 6 Diamond bits199
Text 7 Spontaneous well deviation.200
Text 8 Water flooding.201
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Text 9 Completion methods201
Text 10 Formation stimulation202
Text 11 Tank gaging203
Text 12 Pipeline valves204
Text 13 Refineries204
Text 14 Migration and Accumulation of Petroleum205
Text 15 Porosity..207
Text 16 Permeability210
Text 17 Wettability..212
Text 18 Wire Well Logging Techniques.214
CONCLUSION/ ..217
REFERENCES / ʅ.218
INTRODUCTION/
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UNIT I
CHAPTER I PETROLEUM INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING: GENERAL INFORMATION AND HISTORY
EXERCISE 1 Read and translate the text. Be ready to the questions before the text, using the information from the text. Discuss with your group mates the answers.
1.Where was the first well drilled?
2.Who started the "modern" drilling era?
3.Why do we need oil and gas?
4.What alternative energy sources do you know?
Petroleum industry: introduction to oil and gas
Since Colonel Drake ushered in the era of drilling for oil with his 1859 well in Pennsylvania, petroleum engineers and other industry professionals have made numerous innovations that enable the industry to find and produce the resources that power the world economy.
This was not the first well drilled. Other wells had previously been drilled in several countries around the world, including Azerbaijan and Canada. But this well started the "modern" drilling era by attracting the attention and necessary capital investment that enabled the development of new technologies for accessing oil and gas deposits.
Oil and natural gas are an important part of your everyday life. Not only do they give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity. Millions of products are made from oil and gas, including plastics, life-saving medications, clothing, cosmetics, and many other items you may use daily.
In the United States, 97 % of the energy that drives the transportation sector (cars, buses, subways, railroads, airplanes, etc.) comes from fuels made from oil'. Auto manufacturers are developing cars to run on alternate fuels such as electricity, hydrogen and ethanol. However, the electric batteries need to be charged and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas. The hydrogen needed for fuel cells may be generated from natural gas or petroleum-based products. Even as alternative fuels are developed, oil will be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future. Barring any increase in the penetration of new technologies, alternative fuels are not expected to become competitive with oil for transportation before 20252.
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In areas of the world that are still developing, businesses and individuals are demanding greater mobility for themselves and their products. World vehicle ownership is projected to increase from 122 vehicles per thousand people in 1999 to 144 vehicles per thousand in 2020, with the growth occurring in developing nations. In China, for example, the number of cars has been growing by 20 % per year3. Airports are being added in these countries as well, expanding jet fuel demand. Oil is expected to remain the primary fuel source for transportation throughout the world for the foreseeable future, and transportation fuels are projected to account for almost 57 % of total world oil consumption by 20201.
World population is currently around 6 billion people, but is expected to grow to approximately 7,6 billion by 2020. That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas.
Natural-gas use is growing across all economic sectors. Natural gas burns cleaner than oil or coal, and this environmental benefit has encouraged its use. While decades ago, natural gas was seen as an unwanted by-product of oil and may have been wasted, its value has been recognized. Developing nations with gas reserves are finding this resource invaluable to building their economies. Most natural gas is distributed by pipelines, which is a limiting factor for remote resources that are not near the major consuming markets. Some natural gas is chilled to a liquid state (LNG) whereby it can be transported across oceans by tanker. Similarly, there is considerable development of technology to convert natural gas to liquids (GTL) to enable transportation.
The world economy runs on oil and natural gas. These fuels improve your quality of life by providing you with transportation, warmth, light, and many everyday products. They enable you to get where you need to go, they supply products you need, and they create jobs. Without oil and natural gas, quality of life would decline and people in developing nations would not be able to improve their standard of living. Does that mean that alternative energy sources are not necessary? Of course not. But it is important to acknowledge the value of oil and gas to the world economy and recognize that it will be decades before the alternatives can replace all of things that oil and natural gas contribute to our lives.
1 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review, 2002.
2 U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook, 2003.
3 U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook, 2003.
