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Pathological insertions:

ü Punctate basophilia or basophilic stippling is diffuse basophilic granularity in the cell is seen in lead poisoning, infections, aplastic anemia (aggregates of ribosomes and mitochondria)

ü Jolly bodies are purple nuclear remnants that are present in megaloblastic anemia and after spleenectomy

ü Kabo (Kebot) rings are nuclear membrane remnants

ü Heinz bodies are masses of denatured Hb

- ұққ , ң ң қ (, , )

- , (, , )

Membranopathy hereditary hemolytic anemia caused by membrane disorders (microspherocytosis, ovalocytosis, stomatocytosis)

- ұққ , ң , ң -қ ғ ң, үң ң .

, , - ,

Enzymopathy hereditary hemolytic anemia caused by enzyme deficiencies

- ұққ , ң ққң ң ұ ң ұ .

- , , ,

Hemoglobinopathy hereditary hemolytic anemia caused by abnormal Hb structure due to altered amino acid sequence in globin molecule, or altered synthesis of globin chains.

қң ө ң 9x109/- қ ө.

9x109/

Leukocytosis is an increase in circulating leukocytes above 9x109/L

ң қ ғ ң ө, ң ң қғ .

ü қ қ ғ қ ң ө (5%- қ)

ü қ қ ғ қ ң ә ң ө

ü қ қ ғ ң ң, ң, ң , ұ қ, ң- ң қ ғ ө.

, .

ü ( 5%)

ü

ü , , , -

Shift- to- left is the term used for elevation in blood juvenile granulocytes band forms, metamyelocytes, myelocytes. It reflects activation of leucopoiesis.

Types of shift-to left:

ü Hyporegenerative shift to left (elevation band-forms)

ü Regenerative shift to left (elevation of band forms and appearance of metamyelocytes)

ü Hyperregenerative shift to left (band forms, Metamyelocytes, myelocytes, myeloblasts). Reflects unfavorable course of septic diseases

ң қ ңғ ң қ ққ өө ң ә қ ң .

Shift-to-right is appearance of hypersegmented granulocytes, absence of juvenile granulocytes, it reflects inhibition of leucopoiesis.

қң ө ң 4x109/- ..

() - 4,0 109/

Leukopenia - is a decrease in the peripheral white cell count (less than 4x109/L).

- қ ң (ң 0,75 109/) . ң 1,0x109/- .

- , ( 0,75 109/) .

Agranulocytosis - is severe neutropenia (less than 0,75 109/L), when the total white cell count is reduced to 1,0x109/L.

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