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Pathological insertions:
ü Punctate basophilia or basophilic stippling is diffuse basophilic granularity in the cell is seen in lead poisoning, infections, aplastic anemia (aggregates of ribosomes and mitochondria)
ü Jolly bodies are purple nuclear remnants that are present in megaloblastic anemia and after spleenectomy
ü Kabo (Kebot) rings are nuclear membrane remnants
ü Heinz bodies are masses of denatured Hb
- ұққ , ң ң қ (, , )
- , (, , )
Membranopathy hereditary hemolytic anemia caused by membrane disorders (microspherocytosis, ovalocytosis, stomatocytosis)
- ұққ , ң , ң -қ ғ ң, үң ң .
, , - ,
Enzymopathy hereditary hemolytic anemia caused by enzyme deficiencies
- ұққ , ң ққң ң ұ ң ұ .
- , , ,
Hemoglobinopathy hereditary hemolytic anemia caused by abnormal Hb structure due to altered amino acid sequence in globin molecule, or altered synthesis of globin chains.
қң ө ң 9x109/- қ ө.
9x109/
Leukocytosis is an increase in circulating leukocytes above 9x109/L
ң қ ғ ң ө, ң ң қғ .
ü қ қ ғ қ ң ө (5%- қ)
ü қ қ ғ қ ң ә ң ө
ü қ қ ғ ң ң, ң, ң , ұ қ, ң- ң қ ғ ө.
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Shift- to- left is the term used for elevation in blood juvenile granulocytes band forms, metamyelocytes, myelocytes. It reflects activation of leucopoiesis.
Types of shift-to left:
ü Hyporegenerative shift to left (elevation band-forms)
ü Regenerative shift to left (elevation of band forms and appearance of metamyelocytes)
ü Hyperregenerative shift to left (band forms, Metamyelocytes, myelocytes, myeloblasts). Reflects unfavorable course of septic diseases
ң қ ңғ ң қ ққ өө ң ә қ ң .
Shift-to-right is appearance of hypersegmented granulocytes, absence of juvenile granulocytes, it reflects inhibition of leucopoiesis.
қң ө ң 4x109/- ..
() - 4,0 109/
Leukopenia - is a decrease in the peripheral white cell count (less than 4x109/L).
- қ ң (ң 0,75 109/) . ң 1,0x109/- .
- , ( 0,75 109/) .
Agranulocytosis - is severe neutropenia (less than 0,75 109/L), when the total white cell count is reduced to 1,0x109/L.
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