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UNIT 16.

Olympic Games

1. .

Modern Olympism is described by the Olympic Charter as a philosophy exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind. Blending sport with culture and education, Olympism seeks to create a way of life based on the joy found in effort, the educational value of good example and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles. The goal of Olympism is to place everywhere sport at the service of the harmonious development of mankind, with a view to encouraging the establishment of a peaceful society concerned with the preservation of human dignity. The goal of the Olympic Movement is to contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport practised without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play.

When Baron de Coubertin founded the modern Olympic Games, he envisioned contests in which young men competed only for the love of sport without the promise of financial reward. This vision was the basis for the concept of amateurism that governed Olympic eligibility for nearly 100 years. While Coubertin's belief in amateurism derived from his devotion to the ideals of Olympism, it was a view rooted in the social milieu of the late nineteenth century, a time when only men of wealth could endure the expenses that accompanied a life of sport. In fact, early definitions of amateurism were based on distinctions of social class. Persons from lower economic classes were defined as non-amateurs. But as sports became increasingly popular, people from a wider range of social classes participated and opportunities for profit appeared. These changes challenged the Interna-


tional Olympic Committee's strict definition of amateur status as the basis for Olympic eligibility. The word amateur was finally removed from the Olympic Charter during the 1970s. The international federations governing individual Olympic sports were given responsibility for determining Olympic eligibility. Since that time, an increasing number of federations have modified their rules to allow professionals to compete in the Games.

2. .

Olympic eligibility..............................................................................

ideals of Olympism............................................................................

spirit of solidarity..............................................................................

life of sport........................................................................................

social milieu.......................................................................................

balanced whole..................................................................................

concept of amateurism.......................................................................

fundamental ethical principles...........................................................

educational value of good example....................................................

harmonious development of mankind...............................................

, . . .

Wrestling

Like the modern sport, an athlete needed to throw his opponent on the ground, landing on a hip, shoulder, or back for a fair fall. Three throws were necessary to win a match. Biting was not allowed, and genital holds were also illegal. Attacks such as breaking your opponent's fingers were permitted.

Discus

The Ancient Greeks considered the rhythm and precision of an athlete throwing the discus as important as his strength. The discus was made of stone, iron, bronze, or lead, and was shaped like a flying saucer. Sizes varied, since the boys' division was not expected to throw the same weight as the men's.


Javelin

The javelin was a man-high length of wood, with either a sharpened end or an attached metal point. It had a thong for a hurler's fingers attached to its centre of gravity, which increased the precision and distance of a javelin's flight.

Chariot racing

There were both two-horse chariot and four-horse chariot races, with separate races for chariots drawn by foals. Another race was between carts drawn by a team of two mules. The course was twelve laps around the stadium track.

Riding

The course was six laps around the track, and there were separate races for full-grown horses and foals. Jockeys rode without stirrups. Only wealthy people could afford to pay for the training, equipment, and feed of both the driver and the horses. As a result, the owner received the olive wreath of victory instead of the driver.

4. , 3. , .

5. . . ?

1. In Ancient Greek world, Olympic Games were the symbol of unity of
all the Hellenic populations. Wars between the Greek states were usually sus-
Eended for the period of the Games. The Greeks have not forgotten that ideal;
as soon as the Greek state was established in the early nineteenth century!
many attempts were made in Greece in order to revive the Olympic Games.

2. The revival of the Olympic Games was already conceived by the early
nineteenth century. Olympic games stood for the greatness of the Greek past
and encouraged the people to fight for independence. With the foundation of
the Greek state, the inhabitants of Olvmpia decided to prove that they were
offspring of Ancients Greeks, by recovering the Olympic Games.


 

3. In 1833, the poet, Alexandros Soutsos, recalled the glorious and
peaceful character of the Olympic Games
. His poetry sent the message to
the people of Greece to revive the Olympic Games. The Greeks, having just
obtained their independence, were anxious to claim the heritage of the great
Greek civilisation of the past. Soutsos' poetry came as a sign of the new ep
och for his people.

4. Contrary to general belief, 1896 Olympic Games were not the first
modern Olympic Games; the Greeks recovered the Olympics many years
before Coubertin was born. The National Olympic Games were held in Ath
ens four times, 1859, 1870, 1875 and 1889. These Games united the Greeks
and let a newly born nation to claim her rightful place in the family of Euro
pean nations
.

5. The date of 1896 came down to history. This year the First Interna
tional Olympic Games
took place in Athens; the capital of Greece becoming
the first Olympic city. The choice of Athens was a symbolical act of recog
nition of the Hellenic contribution to Western culture and civilisation
. Many
people granted to the realisation of the Olympic Games.

6. The nineteenth century is noted for the rise of two forces - bourgeoisie
and nationalism. Social formation of nation states marked the ideal time for
the international acceptance of the Olympic ideas in a new national context.
The importance of the Olympic Games lies in the symbolic process of hu
man beings successfully learning the new concepts of their time
.

6, , , .

. . , , . , , - . IX . . . , - , , - ,


, . , , , , , . , , , . , 776 . . , , . , , , - , . , , . , - .

. How are sport and globalisation connected? Modern sport originated in the mid-nineteenth century in Great Britain and the United States. Professional sports were organised in mining and industrial towns and cities as businesses, while amateur spectator sports, particularly American football, were introduced on university campuses. Because Britain was still the global hegemonic power, its sports (football, cricket, athletics) proliferated throughout the world, superseding traditional games and adopting national identities. At the turn of the century the Olympic Games were revived by Western patricians to promote national prowess. During the 1920s and 1930s professional and university sports reached an unparalleled popularity, supported by local working class and middle class spectators. The British Empire Games and football's World Cup were organised during this period. After World War II, the United States assumed imperial hegemony, which resulted in the extension of American sports (baseball, basketball, volleyball) throughout the world, generally taking on national modes. Professional and college sports did become increasingly influenced by television and corporate sponsors in the 1960s, but retained a national orientation. Moreover, international sports competitions were still run by circles that


were not preoccupied with making profits. During the past decades there has been a marked change in how the sports industry operates. This is seen in the implementation by the owners and managers of sport of globalised strategies designed to generate enormous profits. These strategies, in fact, have paralleled and complemented the restructuring occurring in the global economy.

7. . 6 .

& . .

The idea of the revival of Olympic Games was not a passing fancy: it was the logical culmination of a great movement. The nineteenth century saw the taste for physical exercises revive everywhere. At the same time the great inventions, the railways and the telegraph have abridged distances and mankind has come to live a new existence; the peoples have intermingled, they have learned to know each other better and immediately they started to compare themselves. What one achieved the other immediately wished also to endeavour: universal exhibitions brought together to one locality of the globe the products of the most distant lands; Literary or scientific congresses have brought together, into contact, the various intellectual forces. How then should the athletes not seek to meet, since rivalry is the basis of athletics, and in reality the very reason of its existence? In order to purify the notion of rivalry and to transform it in noble contest, the representatives of all the nations chose one method: the creation of competitions at regular periodical intervals at which representatives of all countries and all sports would be invited under the aegis of the same authority, which would impact to them a halo of grandeur and glory, that is the patronage of classical antiquity. To do this was to revive the Olympic Games: the name imposed itself: it was not even possible to find another.

9. .

29 1909 - - . -


- , , . - . , . , - . , , . - , . , . 15 23 .

10. , . .

Hippias of Elis, a sophist of the fifth century , was the first to compile the initial victor list of the Olympic games. From him we learn that the first athletic contest, the foot race, was held at the sacred place of Olympia, in western Peloponnese, for the first time in 776 , in honour of the Olympian Zeus. Later ancient sources inform us that the Olympic festival gained considerable importance, ranked among the largest and most famous Pan-hellenic festivals by the time of early fifth century. It should be said that Ancient Egyptians and the people of Mesopotamia had a long tradition in athletic activities, as shown by the reliefs depicting athletic scenes carved on the tombs of their kings and their nobles. The Minoans showed special concern in gymnastics. Bull-leaping and gymnastics became their favourite sports, as indicated by the frescoes decorating their palaces. Other Minoan sports included track-contests, wrestling and boxing. The Myceneans introduced chariot-racing and more track contests. The Homeric poems comprise the first written evidence of athletic contests in the Greek world. In his great poems, Homer gives vivid descriptions of the athletic contests. The emergence of the first city-states caused a rapid development in athleticism: a


number of local contests were set up in these cities, held in festivals of religious character. Athleticism became an institution, providing vehicles for recurring competition among the members of the polis. Olympia soon grew into an important religious place, where a series of athletic contests were held. Modern research focuses on understanding the origins of this great religious celebration that became the symbol of political and cultural unity of the Greeks in the historical period. Ancient Greeks and later writers describe their myths for the origins of the first games at Olympia, whereas archaeologists spend great efforts in reconstructing the history of the festival through finds in excavations. A great number of academic works are devoted to the investigation of the above issues, the modern reader would be surprised by the number of different opinions.

11. . , , - .

16 1911 . , , , 34 , (). , . . , 1912 . . 17 1912 . . . , 1907 . .

1912 . - 178 , . .


 


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13, , .

1. The team races were snowed off and will be played next Tuesday.

2. The boxes spent some time warming up in preparation for the fight, the
public getting nervous lusting for blood.

3. The golfers teed off but both played terrible shots.

4. If the rain doesn't ease up within thirty minutes the tennis match will be
rescheduled for tomorrow.

5. The track-and-field team had a crowd of supporters to cheer them on
and the players did their best not to disappoint the fans.

6. Some ardent fans were turned away at the entrance under the pretext
that the ground was full.

7. The pond froze off and the citizens were able to skate.

8. Soccer in England is so popular that almost all the matches are booked
up
for weeks ahead.

9. The home and visiting teams played off to decide the first place.

10. It was such a bad foul that the referee sent the player off.

11. When the applause died down a team of amateur chess players started
the team event.

12. The air conditioner in the gym was off and many students chose not to
work out in the hostile environment.


14, , .

The relationship.... sport.... globalisation is not conclusive. One perspective argues that the international changes occurring.... sport are an example.... Americanisation, and not.... Globalisation. The reason.... this view is that the strategies and products associated.... sport.... the world are predominately American oriented. This can be seen.... the proliferation of sports.... television and.... the consumption patterns and lifestyles promoted. Sport is another form.... which the world's population is subjected.... American cultural hegemony. Another perspective argues that the changes occurring.... sport is an aspect.... globalisation. It is stated that modern sport has always operated.... the global economy. But the changes occurring.... sport are part.... the process of globalisation, whereas that process is dominated.... American strategies and forms. Globalisation.... sports is not a one way process, football has effectively penetrated the United States sports market.... 1994. One means to understand the relation.... sport.... globalisation requires computing the aggregate revenues.... that industry and comparing it.... the total world gross domestic product. Businesses that are allied.... the sports industry include suppliers.... food and beverages.... stadiums, raw material suppliers.... sports apparel and shoe producers, public relations firms, sports lawyers, and the sports medicine industry.

15, , .

. 1824 . . , 1707 ., - . - , . 1793 . . . 59 . XIX ., -


 




. , , .

16, .

Amateur

I) , : amateur of music - . Syn: admirer; 2) , : cine amateur - , radio amateur - , amateur talent groups - . Syn: dilettante. Ant: connoisseur, expert, professional, specialist; 3) -; 4) . Syn: dabbler

Contest

1. n. l) , , , , :
to enter a contest - / . Syn: controversy,
dispute, debate; 2) , , ,
: to hold contest, to stage a contest - / ,
to judge a contest - , , one-sided
contest - , oratorical contest -
. Syn: competition, emulation

2. v. , ; ; (,
). Syn: to compete, to vie, to contend

Race

1. n, l) , ; , ; : to drive a race - , to fix (the results of) a race - / / , to lose a race - , to organise / stage a race - , , to run a race - , to row a race - , to scratch a race - , to win a race - / , relay race - , motor race - , boat race - , cross-country race - , dog race - , horse race - , close / even / hotly contested / tight race - , gruelling race - , Marathon race - , race reader - , ; 2) , ; 3) , -


( ); 4) , (against, with; between; for). Syn: competition, contest

2. v. l) , , ; 2) ; , ; 3) , (with smb); (- -); 4) , , . Syn: to run, to ride, to rush

Sport

l) , , : amateur / professional sports - / , athletic sports - , aquatic / water sports - , winter sports - , intramural sports - , (syn: intramurals), outdoor sports - , , intercollegiate / interuniversity sport - , varsity sports - : to go in for sports, to do sports - ; 2) pl. , . Syn: competition; 3) , - -, ; : a good sport - , a poor sport - . Syn: athlete, sportsman

Supporter

, , , : ardent / enthusiastic / fervent / strong supporter - , , , supporters' club - . Syn: advocate, adherent, disciple, follower, partisan, fan, admirer. Ant: antagonist, opponent

Team

, , : to coach a team - , to manage a team - , to organise a team - , to split up / disband a team - , to field a team - , football / basketball / volleyball / hockey team - / / / , track / track-and-field team - , opposing / rival team - , national team - , reserve / second team - , home team - , visiting team - , first / second division team - / , team races - , team scoring / placing - , team members, members of a team - -


 


, team's line-up / make-up, team composition / personnel - , team events - , team effort - ; 2) , (, ): team flight - . Syn: crew

17. .

drive a race - national team - - team scoring - - to judge a contest - - - - first second division team - - amateur of music - -relay race - - - gruelling race - - rival team - - fervent supporter - - hotly contested race - - varsity sports - - team events - - an ardent fan - - outdoor sports - - - - intramurals -- - a good sport - - - track-and-field team - - aquatic sports - - to hold contest - - to organise a team - - - - to split up a team - - to run a race - - .

18. .

Adherent, admirer, advocate, amateur, antagonist, athlete, band, company, competition, connoisseur, contest, controversy, crew, dabbler, dilettante, disciple, emulation, expert, fan, fitness, follower, group, non-professional, opponent, partisan, professional, race, specialist, sport, sportsman, supporter, team.

19. .

1. How were the athletic competitions organized in ancient cultures?

2. Were the Olympics always a big festival? Was Olympia always a sacred
place?


 

3. When were the first attempts to revive the Olympic Games made? Who
initiated the revival of the Olympic Games?

4. What is Olympism? What is the goal of the Olympic Movement?

5. How did Olympic eligibility change in the course of time?

6. What Olympic sports do you know?

20. . .

* We may not be the greatest at winning the Winter Olympics, but at least we can carry our bloody flag properly.

(Mike Freeman, flag bearer at the Winter Olympic Games of 1972)

* As soon as money comes into sport, honour begins to go out of it.

(Reverend James Welldon))

* Games are the last recourse to those who do not know how to idle.

(Robert Lynd)

* You get to know more of the character of a man in a round of golf than you can get to know in six months with only political experience.

(David Lloyd George)

* Punctuality, regularity, industry, thoroughness, are a set of "slave" virtues.

(G.D.H. Cole)

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