: 811.111:621.643.053(075)
: 81.2+39.7173
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CONTENTS:
Introduction 3-4
UNIT I. 7-12
Text 1: Pipeline transport
Text 2: Working on an oil or gas pipeline
Grammar review: Present Simple Passive tense, Active Infinitive
UNIT II. 13-18
Text 1: Storage and transportation of gas
Text 2: Pipelines overview
Grammar review: Present Simple Active tense, Modal verbs
UNIT III. 19-24
Text 1: Pipelines and pumping stations
Text 2: Close interval survey
Grammar review: Present Continuous Active tense,Active Infinitive
UNIT IV. 25-30
Text 1: Transportation and distribution
Text 2: Mears research and development test facility
Grammar review: Present Perfect Active tense, Passive Infinitive
UNIT V. 31-37
Text 1: Future of the pipelines
Text 2: Pipelines are subject to market failure
Grammar review: Present Continuous Passive tense, Present Perfect Passive tense
UNIT VI. 38-43
Text 1: Piping
Text 2: Pipeline jobs
Grammar review: Present Simple Passive tense, Gerund
UNIT VII. 44-49
Text 1: Pipe design requirements
Text 2: Long-lived specific projects
Grammar review: Present Simple Passive tense, Gerund
UNIT VIII. 50-55
Text 1: Marine pipeline installation
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Text 2: Pipeline current mapper
Grammar review: Modal verbs
UNIT IX. 56-62
Text 1: Gas production, processing and transportation
Text 2: Direct current voltage gradient
Grammar review: Participle, Infinitive
UNIT X. 63-69
Text 1: Pipeline valves
Text 2: Alternating current voltage gradient
Grammar review: Infinitive
Appendix 1. 70-100
Supplementary reading
Appendix 2. 101-110
Additional texts
Appendix 3. 111-120
Grammar reference
Appendix 4. 121-124
Irregular verbs
Appendix 5. 125-135
Glossary
References 136
UNIT I
Pipeline transport
Lead in: Look at the pictures and comment them
Read the text and translate it
Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Most commonly, liquids and gases are transported, but pneumatic tubes using compressed air can also transport solid capsules.
Pipelines are generally the most economical way to transport large quantities of oil, refined oil products or natural gas over land. Compared to shipping by railroad, they have lower cost per unit and higher capacity. Although pipelines can be built under the sea, that process is economically and technically demanding, so the majority of oil at sea is transported by tanker ships.
Oil pipelines are made from steel or plastic tubes with inner diameter typically from 4 to 48 inches. Most pipelines are typically buried at a depth of about 3 to 6 feet. To protect pipes from impact, abrasion, and corrosion, a variety of methods are used. These can include wood lagging, concrete coating, rock shield, high-density polyethylene, imported sand padding, and padding machines.
The oil is kept in motion by pump stations along the pipeline, and usually flows at speed of about 1 to 6 meters per second. Multi-product pipelines are used to transport two or more different products in sequence in the same pipeline. Usually in multi-product pipelines there is no physical separation between the different products. Some mixing of adjacent products occurs, producing interface, also known in the industry as "transmix." At the receiving facilities this interface is usually absorbed in one of the products based on pre-calculated absorption rates. Alternately, transmix may be diverted and shipped to facilities for separation of the commingled products.
For natural gas, pipelines are constructed of carbon steel and vary in size from 2 to 60 inches in diameter, depending on the type of pipeline. The gas is pressurized by compressor stations and is odourless unless mixed with a mercaptan odorant where required by a regulating authority.
Vocabulary
goods [ɡudz]
commonly [ˈkɔmənlɪ]
pneumatic [nju:ˈmætɪk]
tube [tju:b]
solid [ˈsɔlɪd]
capsule [ˈkæpsju:l] , , ,
shipping [ˈʃɪpɪŋ]
railroad [ˈreɪlrəud]
cost [kɔst] ,
majority [məˈdʒɔrɪtɪ]
tanker [ˈtæŋkə] ,
steel [sti:l]
inner [ˈɪnə]
buried [ˈberɪ] , , , ,
depth [depθ]
protect [prəˈtekt]
impact [ɪm'pækt] , , ,
abrasion [əˈbreɪʒən] , ,
corrosion[kəˈrəuʒən] , , , ,
variety [vəˈraɪətɪ] ,
lagging [ˈlæɡɪn] , ,
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concrete [ˈkɔnkri:t]
coating [ˈkəutɪŋ] (), ,
density [ˈdensɪtɪ]
padding [ˈpædɪŋ] ,
pump [pʌmp] , ,
pipeline [ˈpaɪplaɪn] ,
absorb [əbˈsɔ:b] , ,
commingle [kɔˈmɪŋɡl] ,
carbon [ˈkɑ:bən]
odourless [ˈəudəlɪs] ,
mercaptan [məkˈæptn̩]
odorant [ouˈdərənt]
authority [ɔ:ˈθɔrɪtɪ] ,
Comprehension task