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: 811.111:621.643.053(075)

: 81.2+39.7173

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: 811.111:621.643.053(075)

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CONTENTS:

Introduction 3-4

 

UNIT I. 7-12

Text 1: Pipeline transport

Text 2: Working on an oil or gas pipeline

Grammar review: Present Simple Passive tense, Active Infinitive

UNIT II. 13-18

Text 1: Storage and transportation of gas

Text 2: Pipelines overview

Grammar review: Present Simple Active tense, Modal verbs

UNIT III. 19-24

Text 1: Pipelines and pumping stations

Text 2: Close interval survey

Grammar review: Present Continuous Active tense,Active Infinitive

UNIT IV. 25-30

Text 1: Transportation and distribution

Text 2: Mears research and development test facility

Grammar review: Present Perfect Active tense, Passive Infinitive

UNIT V. 31-37

Text 1: Future of the pipelines

Text 2: Pipelines are subject to market failure

Grammar review: Present Continuous Passive tense, Present Perfect Passive tense

 

UNIT VI. 38-43

Text 1: Piping

Text 2: Pipeline jobs

Grammar review: Present Simple Passive tense, Gerund

UNIT VII. 44-49

Text 1: Pipe design requirements

Text 2: Long-lived specific projects

Grammar review: Present Simple Passive tense, Gerund

UNIT VIII. 50-55

Text 1: Marine pipeline installation

Text 2: Pipeline current mapper

Grammar review: Modal verbs

 

UNIT IX. 56-62

Text 1: Gas production, processing and transportation

Text 2: Direct current voltage gradient

Grammar review: Participle, Infinitive

UNIT X. 63-69

Text 1: Pipeline valves

Text 2: Alternating current voltage gradient

Grammar review: Infinitive

 

Appendix 1. 70-100

Supplementary reading

 

Appendix 2. 101-110

Additional texts

 

Appendix 3. 111-120

Grammar reference

 

Appendix 4. 121-124

Irregular verbs

 

Appendix 5. 125-135

Glossary

 

References 136

UNIT I

Pipeline transport

Lead in: Look at the pictures and comment them

Read the text and translate it

Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Most commonly, liquids and gases are transported, but pneumatic tubes using compressed air can also transport solid capsules.

Pipelines are generally the most economical way to transport large quantities of oil, refined oil products or natural gas over land. Compared to shipping by railroad, they have lower cost per unit and higher capacity. Although pipelines can be built under the sea, that process is economically and technically demanding, so the majority of oil at sea is transported by tanker ships.

Oil pipelines are made from steel or plastic tubes with inner diameter typically from 4 to 48 inches. Most pipelines are typically buried at a depth of about 3 to 6 feet. To protect pipes from impact, abrasion, and corrosion, a variety of methods are used. These can include wood lagging, concrete coating, rock shield, high-density polyethylene, imported sand padding, and padding machines.

The oil is kept in motion by pump stations along the pipeline, and usually flows at speed of about 1 to 6 meters per second. Multi-product pipelines are used to transport two or more different products in sequence in the same pipeline. Usually in multi-product pipelines there is no physical separation between the different products. Some mixing of adjacent products occurs, producing interface, also known in the industry as "transmix." At the receiving facilities this interface is usually absorbed in one of the products based on pre-calculated absorption rates. Alternately, transmix may be diverted and shipped to facilities for separation of the commingled products.

For natural gas, pipelines are constructed of carbon steel and vary in size from 2 to 60 inches in diameter, depending on the type of pipeline. The gas is pressurized by compressor stations and is odourless unless mixed with a mercaptan odorant where required by a regulating authority.

 

Vocabulary

goods [ɡudz]

commonly [ˈkɔmənlɪ]

pneumatic [nju:ˈmætɪk]

tube [tju:b]

solid [ˈsɔlɪd]

capsule [ˈkæpsju:l] , , ,

shipping [ˈʃɪpɪŋ]

railroad [ˈreɪlrəud]

cost [kɔst] ,

majority [məˈdʒɔrɪtɪ]

tanker [ˈtæŋkə] ,

steel [sti:l]

inner [ˈɪnə]

buried [ˈberɪ] , , , ,

depth [depθ]

protect [prəˈtekt]

impact [ɪm'pækt] , , ,

abrasion [əˈbreɪʒən] , ,

corrosion[kəˈrəuʒən] , , , ,

variety [vəˈraɪətɪ] ,

lagging [ˈlæɡɪn] , ,

concrete [ˈkɔnkri:t]

coating [ˈkəutɪŋ] (), ,

density [ˈdensɪtɪ]

padding [ˈpædɪŋ] ,

pump [pʌmp] , ,

pipeline [ˈpaɪplaɪn] ,

absorb [əbˈsɔ:b] , ,

commingle [kɔˈmɪŋɡl] ,

carbon [ˈkɑ:bən]

odourless [ˈəudəlɪs] ,

mercaptan [məkˈæptn̩]

odorant [ouˈdərənt]

authority [ɔ:ˈθɔrɪtɪ] ,

 

Comprehension task





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