. ..
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3
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Ȼ
2014
3
TCP/IP Cisco Packet Tracer
1.1. .
1.2 TCP/IP ICMP
1.3 Cisco Packet Tracer.
.
Ethernet . (CSMA/CD, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection). . , , . , , .. , , . , 32 , , , , .
,
, , , , , .. , . , , , (, , , ).
( , ), , () ( ).
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(hub) Ethernet c . () OSI, , (0 1). , , . , .
(switch) () . () () OSI, , , , , - . , , () , -. , -, .
(frames). Ethernet , , . . , -. : -. , ( ARCNet) -. , , : , . , . 2.1 Fast Ethernet.
/ | ||||||||||||
8 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 46-1500 | 4 | |||||||
2.1. Fast Ethernet
( ) . 7 - . 1 . .
, ;
, ;
/ (L/T Length/Type) . , . - , . , IP 0800.
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0 1500 . 46 , - , .
(FCS Frame Check Sequence) .
64 , 512 ( ). 1518 , 12144 .
IP-
:
(-) - , , , . , - - , , 11-0-17-3D-BC-01. , . - 6 (48 ): 3 - , 3 .
(IP-) - 4 , , 109.26.17.100. . . IP- : . , Internet (Network Information Center, NIC). IP . IP-. IP-, . , IP- , .
(DNS ) - - , , , - Genher, Maxx. , , FTP telnet.
TCP/IP (IP-) . IP- 4 , , , : 128.10.2.3 - , 10000000 00001010 00000010 00011110 - . IP- 4- , 8- (, IP- 8*4=32 ), 0 255, .. 28=256.
IP- : (). , . 5 IP-. , (, , ) . 2.1 .
2.1 IP-
, , :
, .. 7 . 0, , , 3 . 1 126. ( 0 , 127 ).
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14 16 . . 10, . 16 , 2 .
22 . 8 , , , . 110, . 24 , - 8 .
D ( RFC 1112). D 1,1,1 0. 1110, D , - multicast. D, , .
IP, . 1. 11110, , .
2.1 , .
2.1
A | 01.0.0 | 126.0.0.0 |
B | 128.0.0.0 | 191.255.0.0 |
C | 192.0.1.0. | 223.255.255.0 |
D | 224.0.0.0 | 239.255.255.255 |
E | 240.0.0.0 | 247.255.255.255 |
IP IP-:
I- , , ;
0, , , , ;
IP- 1, , , . (limited broadcast);
1, , , . (broadcast);
127.0.0.1 . loopback.