? , (Rush, Watkins, 1978) . : , .
, , . (Gioe, 1975), , (Shaw, 1977), (Morris, 1975; Rush, Watkins, 1978; Shaw, Hollon, 1978), BDI.
, (Lewinson, 1974, 1975). , , . (Padfield, 1976), - . () .
(1978) : , . , , , (Rush, Watkins, 1977). , , , . BDI 9 , , 7 12 (58%), 15 18 (83%) 5 17 (29%), . , , , 20% 32% 5% .
, , . , , . , , . 16- 43% 50% . 38 72%. , 18% , 11%, , , .
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