.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


15




ρ, / ω, %
1,100 20,01
1,105 20,97
1,110 21,92
1,115 22,86
1,120 23,82
1,125 24,78
1,130 25,75
1,135 26,70
1,140 27,66
1,145 28,61
1,150 29,57
1,155 30,55
1,160 31,52
1,165 32,49
1,170 33,46
1,175 34,42
1,180 35,39
1,185 36,31
1,190 37,23
1,195 38,16
1,200 39,11

Li+ Na+ K+ NH4+ Cu2+ Ag+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Ba2+ Zn2+ Hg2+ Al3+ Sn2+ Pb2+ Ni2+ Cr3+ Mn2+ Fe3+ Fe2+
Cl
Br
I
NO3
CH3COO
S2−
SO32−
SO42−
CO32−
SiO32−
CrO42−
PO43−
OH

 

: ; ; ; − − .

 

 

4

(jo) 25

 

jo, jo,
Li+/Li Li+ + ē = Li 3,045 Cd2+/Cd Cd2+ + 2ē = Cd 0,403
Rb+/Rb Rb+ + ē = Rb 2,925 Co2+/Co Co2+ + 2ē = Co 0,277
K+/K K+ + ē = K 2,924 Ni2+/Ni Ni2+ + 2ē = Ni 0,250
Cs+/Cs Cs+ + ē = Cs 2,923 Sn2+/Sn Sn2+ + 2ē = Sn 0,136
Ba2+/Ba Ba2+ + 2ē = Ba 2,906 Pb2+/Pb Pb2+ + 2ē = Pb 0,126
Ca2+/Ca Ca2+ + 2ē = Ca 2,866 Fe3+/Fe Fe3+ + 3ē = Fe 0,036
Na+/Na Na+ + ē = Na 2,714 2H+/H2 2H+ + 2ē = H2 0,000
Mg2+/Mg Mg2+ + 2ē = Mg 2,363 Bi3+/Bi Bi3+ + 3ē = Bi +0,215
A13+/A1 Al3+ + 3ē = Al 1,662 Cu2+/Cu Cu2+ + 2ē = Cu +0,337
Ti2+/Ti Ti2+ + 2ē = Ti 1,628 Ag+/Ag Ag+ + ē = Ag +0,799
Mn2+/Mn Mn2+ + 2ē = Mn 1,180 Hg2+/Hg Hg2+ + 2ē = Hg +0,854
Zn2+/Zn Zn2+ + 2ē = Zn 0,763 Pt2+/Pt Pt2+ + 2ē = Pt +1,190
Cr3+/Cr Cr3+ + 3ē = Cr 0,744 Au3+/Au Au3+ + 3ē = Au +1,498
Fe2+/Fe Fe2+ + 2ē = Fe 0,440 Au+/Au Au+ + ē = Au +1,691

 

   
IA IB IIA IIB IIIA IIIB IVA IVB
    1 1,0079 1s1  
    Li3 6,941 2s1 2 1 Be 4 9,01218 2s2 2 2 B 5 10,81 2s22p1 2 3 C 6 12,011 2s22p2 2 4
    Na 11 22,98977 3s1 2 8 1 Mg 12 24,305 3s2 2 8 2 Al13 26,981 3s23p1 2 8 3 Si 14 28,085 3s23p2 2 8 4
      K 19 39,0983 4s1 2 8 8 1 Ca 20 40,078 4s2 2 8 8 2 21 Sc 3d14s2 44,9559 2 8 9 2 22 Ti 3d24s2 47,90 2 8 10 2
  29 Cu 3d104s1 63,546 2 8 18 1 30 Zn 3d104s2 65,39 2 8 18 2 Ga 31 69,72 4s24p1 2 8 18 3 Ge 32 72,59 4s24p2 2 8 18 4
      Rb 37 85,4678 5s1 2 8 18 8 1 Sr 38 87,62 5s2 2 8 18 8 2 39 Y 4d15s2 88,9059 2 8 18 9 2 40 Zr 4d25s2 91,22 2 8 18 10 2
  47 Ag 4d105s1 107,868 2 8 18 181 48 Cd 4d105s2 112,41 2 8 18 18 2 In 49 114,82 5s25p1 2 8 18 18 3 Sn 50 118,69 5s25p2 2 8 18 18 4
      Cs 55 132,9054 6s1 2 8 18 18 8 1 Ba 56 137,33 6s2 2 8 18 18 8 2 57 La* 5d16s2 138,9056 2 8 18 18 9 2 72 Hf 5d26s2 178,49 2 8 18 32 10 2
  79 Au 5d106s1 196,9665 2 8 18 32 18 1 80 Hg 5d106s2 200,59 2 8 18 32 18 2 Tl 81 204,383 6s26p1 2 8 18 32 18 3 Pb 82 207,2 6s26p2 2 8 18 32 18 4
      Fr 87 [223] 7s1 2 8 18 32 18 8 1 Ra88 [226] 7s2 2 8 18 32 18 8 2 89 Ac** 6d17s2 [227] 2 8 18 32 18 9 2 104 Rf 6d27s2 [261] 2 8 18 32 32 10 2

58 e 140,12 4f25d16s2 59 Pr 140,9 4f36s2 60 Nd 144,24 4f46s2 61 Pm [145] 4f56s2 62 Sm 150,4 4f66s2 63 Eu 151,96 4f76s2 64 Gd 157,25 4f75d16s2

A

90 Th 232,0381 6d27s2 91 Pa [231] 5f26d17s2 92 U 238,029 5f36d17s2 93 Np [237] 5f46d17s2 94 Pu [244] 5f67s2 95 Am [243] 5f77s2 96 Cm [247] 5f76d17s2

 

5

..

 

VA VB VIA VIB VIIA VIIB VIIIA VIIIB
  ()   e2 4,0026 1s2 2    
8 15,992s22p4 2 6

 


 


N 7 14,006 2s22p3 2 5 O 8 15,99 2s22p4 2 6 F 9 18,99 2s22p5 2 7 Ne 10 20,179 2s22p6 2 8
P 15 30,973 3s23p3 2 8 5 S16 32,06 3s23p4 2 8 6 Cl 17 35,453 3s23p5 2 8 7 Ar 18 39,946 3s23p6 2 8 8
23 V 3d34s2 50,941 2 8 11 2 24 Cr 3d54s1 51,996 2 8 13 1 25 Mn 3d54s2 54,9380 2 8 13 2 26 Fe 3d64s2 55,847 2 8 14 2 27 Co 3d74s2 58,93 2 8 15 2 28 Ni 3d84s2 58,70 2 8 16 2
As 33 74,922 4s24p3 2 8 18 5 Se 34 78,96 4s24p4 2 8 18 6 Br 35 79,904 4s24p5 2 8 18 7 Kr 36 83,80 4s24p6 2 8 18 8
41 Nb 4d45s1 92,906 2 8 18 12 1 42 Mo 4d55s1 95,94 2 8 18 13 1 43 Tc 4d55s2 [98] 2 8 18 13 2 44 Ru 4d75s1 101,07 2 8 18 15 1 45 Rh 4d85s1 102,905 2 8 18 16 1 46 Pd 4d105s0 106,4 2 8 18 18 0
Sb 51 121,75 5s25p3 2 8 18 18 5 Te52 127,60 5s25p4 2 8 18 18 6 I53 126,90 5s25p5 2 8 18 18 7 Xe 54 131,30 5s25p6 2 8 18 18 8
73 Ta 5d36s2 180,94 2 8 18 32 11 2 74 W 5d46s2 183,85 2 8 18 32 12 2 75 Re 5d56s2 186,207 2 8 18 32 13 2 76 Os 5d66s2 190,2 2 8 18 32 14 2 77 Ir 5d76s2 192,22 2 8 18 32 15 2 78 Pt 5d96s1 195,08 2 8 18 32 17 1
Bi83 208,98 6s26p3 2 8 18 32 18 5 Po 84 [209] 6s26p4 2 8 18 32 18 6 At 85 [210] 6s26p5 2 8 18 32 18 7 Rn 86 [222] 6s26p6 2 8 18 32 18 2
105 Db 6d37s2 [262] 2 8 18 32 32 11 2 106 Sg 6d47s2 [263] 2 8 18 32 32 12 2 107 Bh 6d57s2 [264] 2 8 18 32 32 13 2 108 Hs 6d67s2 [265] 2 8 18 32 32 14 2 109 Mt 6d77s2 [266] 2 8 18 32 32 15 2 110 Ds 6d87s2 [271] 2 8 18 32 32 16 2
             

65 Tb 158,9254 4f96s2 66 Dy 162,50 4f106s2 67 Ho 164,9304 4f116s2 68 Er 167,26 4f126s2 69 Tm 68,9342 4f136s2 70 Yb 173,04 4f146s2 71 Lu 174,97 4f145d16s2

97 Bk [247] 5f86d17s2 98 Cf [251] 5f107s2 99 Es [252] 5f117s2 100 Fm [257] 5f127s2 101 Md [258] 5f137s2 102 No [259] 5f147s2 103 Lr [260] 5f146d17s2

 





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