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: .. , .. - : - , 2014. - 179 c.
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, , . .
. 7 . . 5.
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| (. 1, . 2, . 3, . 4, . 5)........... |
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. : , , , .
, , -2. , (. 1.1).
1.1
| Na2O, CaO, MgO, CuO, Fe2O3, | SO2, SO3, P2O5, CO2, Cl2O, Mn2O7, CrO3 | , ZnO, PbO, MnO2, SnO, Al2O3, Cr2O3 | |
| , : Na2O + H2O = 2NaOH | : SO3 + H2O = H2SO4 | ||
| : CO + 2HCl = = CCl2 + H2O | : CO2 + Ba(OH)2 = = BaCO3 + H2O | : BeO + 2HNO3 = Be(NO3)2 + H2O
: BeO + 2KOH  K2BeO2 + H2O;
BeO + 2KOH + H2O = K2[Be(O)4]
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| : Na2O + SO3 = Na2SO4 |
: 2 + O2 = 2O; + O2 = 2.
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, , , (HNO3, HCl, H2SO4, 34).
1. :
2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 = Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O.
2. :
2HCl + O = Cl2 + H2O;
3H2SO4 + Al2O3 = Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O.
3. :
H2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2 = BaSO4↓ + 2HNO3.
:
P2O5 + 3H2O = 2H3PO4.
, , (NaOH, Cu(OH)2, Fe(OH)3).
1. :
2NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O.
2. :
2KOH + N2O5 = 2KNO3 + H2O;
2NaOH + Al2O3 + 32 = 2Na[Al(OH)4];
2NaOH + Al2O3 2NaAlO2 + H2O.
3. :
2NaOH + MgCl2 = Mg(OH)2↓ + 2NaCl.
() :
2Na + 2H2O = 2NaOH + H2↑;
BaO + H2O = Ba(OH)2.
:
Fe2(SO4)3 + 6KOH = 2Fe(OH)3↓ + 3K2SO4.
.
(2SO4, Na3PO4) : H2SO4 + 2KOH = K2SO4 + 2H2O;
Mg()2 + 2HCl = MgCl2 + 22.
(a(HCO3)2, N24) :
KOH + H2SO4 = KHSO4 + H2O.
, H2SO4, 34, 23, H2S.
(uOHNO3, AlOHCl2) :
Fe()3 + HNO3 = Fe(OH)2NO3 + 22;
Fe()3 + 2HNO3 = FeOH(NO3)2 + 22.
, u(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Mg()2.
1.1. , :
Na → NaOH → NaHS → Na2S → Na2SO4 → NaCl.
. NaOH ( ) (). ( ) :
2Na + 2H2O = 2NaOH + H2↑.
NaHS ( ) . , :
H2S + NaOH = NaHS.
Na2S ( ) . :
NaHS + Na = Na2S + H2O.
Na2SO4 ( ), NaCl ( ) . :
H2SO4 + Na2S = Na2SO4 + H2S↑,
:
Na2SO4 + Cl2 = 2NaCl + aSO4↓.
1.2. H2SO4: CO2; NaOH; BaCl2; HCl; Fe2O3. .
. , : CO2 , NaOH (), BaCl2 , HCl − , Fe2O3 . , :
H2SO4 + 2NaOH = Na2SO4 + 2H2O;
3H2SO4 + Fe2O3 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O;
H2SO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4↓ + 2HCl.
1.1. ). , :
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). : Ca(OH)2 NaOH; Pb(OH)2 KOH; H2SO4 H2SO3; HCl Na2S; HNO3 MgO? .
1.2. ). , :
FeCl2 → Fe(OH)2 → Fe(OH)3 → Fe2O3 → Fe2(SO4)3.
). HCl: N2O5; SO3; Al2O3; Cl2O7; ZnO; K2O? .
1.3. ). , :
P → P2O5 → H3PO4 → Na3PO4 → Ca3(PO4)2.
). ,
(II): PbO + HNO3 → ;
PbO + KOH 
.
1.4. ). , :
N2 → NH3 → (NH4)2SO4 → NH4Cl → NH3 → NH4NO3.
). NaOH: MgO; Cl2O; Na2O; CrO3; CaO; CO2? .
1.5. ). , :
Si → SiO2 → K2SiO3 → H2SiO3 → SiO2.
). KOH: HI; CuCl2; SO2; Ba(OH)2; SnO? .
1.6. ). , :
CaSO3 ← SO2 ← S → FeS → H2S → KHS.
). , : Na2S; Fe2(SO4)3; K 3PO4.
1.7. ). , :
Ca → Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 → CaCl2 → Ca3(PO4)2.
). , : NaNO3; CaHO4; CuOHCl.
1.8. ). , :
Cu → CuO → Cu(NO3)2 → Cu(OH)2 → CuCl2.
). : CO2 SO2; LiOH CO2; P2O5 CaO; NaOH KOH; Li2O ZnO; Li2O Na2O? .
1.9. ). , :
Cd → CdO → Cd(NO3)2 → Cd(OH)2 → CdSO4.
). : HCl; BaCl2; MgO; CO2; NaOH; ZnO? .
1.10. ). , :
Zn → ZnCl2 → Zn(OH)2 → ZnO → K2ZnO2.
). : Na2SO3; Fe2(SO4)3; Ba(NO3)2 .
1.11. ). , :
S → SO2 → SO3 → H2SO4 → KHSO4 → K2SO4.
). : CaCO3; Al2(SO4)3; Na3PO4 .
1.12. ). , :
Al → Al2(SO4)3 → Al(OH)3 → Al2O3 → KAlO2.
). , (II): SnO + HCl → ;
SnO + KOH .
1.13. ). , :
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Ba → BaO → Ba(OH)2 → Ba(NO3)2 → BaCO3 → BaCl2.
). : Na2O; CO2; Ga2O3; MgO; CuO; Mn2O7? .
1.14. ). , :
Fe(NO3)3 → Fe(OH)3 → Fe2O3 → FeO → FeCl2 → FeS.
). ? ? ? .
1.15. ). , :
Mg → MgSO4 → Mg(OH)2 → MgOHNO3 → Mg(NO3)2.
). , , , , , ; K2S; H2S.
1.16. ). , :
ZnSO4 ← ZnO ← ZnS → ZnCl2 → Zn(OH)2 → Na2ZnO2.
). , CaCO3.
1.17. ). , :
CuOHCl ← Cu(OH)2 ← CuSO4 ← Cu → CuO → CuCl2.
). K2CrO4, Mg(NO3)2, BaSO4, Ca(ClO)2 .
1.18. ). , :
Fe → FeSO4 → Fe(OH)2 → Fe(OH)3 → Fe2O3 → FeCl3.
). : Ba(OH)2 FeCl3; HCl H2S; NaOH Br; NaOH KOH; HCl Na2CO3? .
1.19. ). , :
Al → Al2O3 → AlCl3 → Al(OH)3 → NaAlO2.
). , BaO, FeCl3, H2SO4, H2O, CuO, : ; (III); (II)? .
1.20. ). , :
Pb → PbS → PbO → Pb(NO3)2 → Pb(OH)2 → K2PbO2.
). , NaBr.
() , - , - . (NaOH, H2SO4, H2O), (½ H2SO4, ½ H2O). , . ,
(NaOH) = NaOH; (H2SO4) = ½ H2SO4; (MgCl2 ) = ½ MgCl2; () = ½ .
. , 6,02×1023 . (M ) /.
, .
, - ,
,
; n ē , .
, Mg0 + 2H+Cl = Mg+2Cl2 + H20 0 +2. , 2 , .. ½ Mg:
(Mg) = ½ Mg; (Mg) = 
= 12 /.
+1 0, .. , 2. , ½ 2:
(2) = ½ 2 ; (2) = 
= 1 /.
: :
.
2.1. H2S NaOH :
H2S + 2NaOH = Na2S + 2H2O; (1)
H2S + NaOH = NaHS + H2O. (2)
. , - ,
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(, ) = 
,
; n , ; , .
, .
H2S + 2NaOH = Na2S + 2H2O (1) H2S , , ½ H2S.
(H2S) = ½ H2S, (H2S)= 
= 17 /.
H2S + NaOH = NaHS + H2O (2) H2S , , 
H2S.
(H2S) = H2S, (H2S) = 
= 
34 /.
NaOH (1) (2) NaOH, . NaOH
(NaOH) = 40 /.
, H2S (1) ½ H2S, (2) − 1 H2S, H2S 17 (1) 34 (2) /; NaOH (1) (2) NaOH, 40 /.
2.2. P2O5 CaO P2O5 + 3CaO = Ca3(PO4)2.
.
() = 
,
; n ; |c.o.| .
P2O5 + 3CaO = Ca3(PO4)2 P2O5, (4)3-, 1/6 P2O5, (P2O5) = 
= 23,7 /. , (2+), ½ , ()= 
= 
28 /.
2.3. 3, 23 25.
. , :
() = 
,
; |c.o.| .
3, 23, 25 3, +3 +5. , , 3 23 31/3 = 10,3 /; 25 31/5 = 6,2 /, 3 23 1/3 , 25 1/5 .
2.4. 3, 23 25.
. :
(3) = () + () = 10,3 + 1 = 11 /;
(23) = () + () = 10,3 + 8 = 18,3 /;
(25) = () + () = 6,2 + 8 = 14,2 /.
2.5. 7,09 +2 2,24 . . ?
. . , :
,
V () . (υ) : υ = 
. , (2) = 2 /; (2) = 1 /. , 2 υ = 2/1 = 2 . , (..) ( = 273 , = 101,325 ) 22,4 . , 22,4 , 2 , V (2) = 22,4/2 = 11,2 . (2) = 32 /, (2) = 8 /. 2 υ = 32/8 = 4 . V (2) = 22,4/4 = 5,6 .
, , () = 
/.
. , () = () + (). () = () − () = 35,45 8 = 27,45 /.
( ) ( ) : () = 
, ½ .. ½ − . = () ∙ ½ .. ½ = 27,45×2 = 54,9 /.
, () = 35,45 /; () = 27,45 /; () = 54,9 /.
2.6. 4 (IV). , .
. , , , .. υ (2) = υ (N2) = υ (NO2). 4 (IV), , , 4 2 4 N2.
0 ( N2) +4 ( N2), 2 , 8 ,
(N2) = 
= 3,5 /. , (IV): 28 / N2 22,4
3,5 / N2
= 
.
4 N2, V (N2) = 2,84 = 11,2 . , 5,6 , 4 2, : V (O2) = 5,6∙4 = 22,4 .
, 11,2 22,4 .
2.7. , 48,15 88,65 .
. , () = () + (), () = () + ( ), :
;
,
() = 56,2 /.
2.8. , 68,42 % (.) .
. 100 %, : 100 68,42 = 31,58 %, .. 68,42 31,58 , 68,42 31,58 . , 8 /, :
; (Cr) = 
/.
,
| c. o. | = 
= 3.
