1.
, , , . , . ( ).
1) : Z=1; 
;
2) : =const;
1. .
1 :
(1)
(2)
(1) (2):
(3)
(3)
,
,
- , -∞ +∞, .
ρ .
.
.
1 2
ρ .
.
.
(3)
, /(×).
-
2.
.
.
3.
l = 
.
.
l = 
n .
4.
.
=const
5.
6.
7.
, 
8.
.
, :
,
- , , ;
- , , .
.
2.
.
, , :
- , ,
- , ,
|
|
|
- , ,
- , ( , ).
1 (u = const, du = 0).
1.1
=> 
- .
1.2 ( )
.
1.3
l 
.
1.4
.
1.5
.
2 ( = const, d = 0).
2.1
=> 
-.
2.2
.
2.3
l 
.
2.4
2.5
.
3 ( = const, d = 0).
3.1
=>
- -.
3.2
.
3.3
l = 
3.4
=> q = l
+ δl 
δl = δl => q = l.
, .
q = l = l = 
|
3.5
.
4 () (s=const, ds=0, q=0, dq=0).
4.1.
(1)
(2)
(2) (1)
.
,
.
1 2
; 
.
4.2 .
.
, .
4.3
δl = 0 =>δl = - di = - cp∙dT = = - k∙cυ∙dT=k∙δl
, k .
,
l 
.
4.4 .
q=0 .
5.5 .
ds=0, Δs=0 - .
,υ ,s .
.
, .
.
- (v=const) n=¥, c=cυ;
- (p=const) n=0, c=cp;
- (=const) n=1, c==∞;
- (s =const) n=k, c=s=0.
