:
) ( ) -- -T.;
) 3- . - . ( by)
Cement was bought as specification enclosed.
) .
) .
) .
1. + :
, , , .;
Your problem must be solved.
.
2. it - :
It was thought. , .
II. .
- . .
She was told the news.
.
2. , , , .
The discovery is (much) spoken about.
.
:
to arrive at (, ),
to refer to , ,
to refer to as , ,
to rely on (upon) ,
to send for .
- , , , . .
The lecture was followed by the experiment.
.
:
to affect , ,
to attend ,
to follow , -,
to join ,
to influence ,
to watch .
1. , , .
1. He brought the books from the library.
2. He was brought the book from the library.
3. They met the delegation at the station.
4. They were met at the station.
5. He told me the truth.
6. The computer is told what operation to perform.
2.
1. Heat was transformed into work.
2. The wages and salaries are paid out on dates fixed by the collective agreement with the trade union.
3. The manager of the Bank was called to the conference to deliver a report on the Banks activities.
4. The World Bank was set up at the same time as the I.M.F. (International Monetary Fund)
5. The term international money market may be explained as the Leading financial center of the world for buying and selling money on an international scale.
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6. The experiment can be done without any difficulty.
3.
1. The lecturer was listened to with great attention.
2. The laboratory assistant was sent for at once.
3. The new system of planning was much spoken of.
4. The report was followed by tremendous applause.
5. This book is often referred to.
6. This man can be relied upon.
7. Character is influenced by heredity and environment.
8. The letter was answered at last.
ing- , , ing, , , .
, , ( when while), .
Participle I gerund .
| Participle I | Gerund | |
| Students making their experiment. , . | the process of making an experiment | |
| (While) making an experiment students , | In making an experiment students , |
.
, ing- -, , .
I II
1. Recognizing a problem | is the first step to its solution. ( .)
() .
O I
2. Recognizing a problem | the scientist makes the first step to its solution.
() , .
1. .
) 1. Studying the foreign language is quite necessary for a future economist. 2. Studying the text they wrote out the unknown words into their vocabularies. 3. After studying all the unknown words they could translate the text without the dictionary. 4. The person studying anything, anywhere and anytime is called a student. 5. They investigated the statistical methods of studying the economic laws. 6. We shall achieve better results in raising labour productivity by studying all the optional processes of the plant.
) 1. The principle of applying statistical methods to economic laws is offered by the econometrics. 2. They got better results by applying a computer in planning. 3. He insisted on applying this method. 4. Applying this principle is obligatory in management of production. 5. Applying economic and mathematical methods we solve the problem of production development. 6. The scientists applying the new method of investigating gathered at the conference to discuss it.
3. ed.
ed :
1. Past Indefinite Tense
I II
Scientists produced a new element in the nuclear reactor.
.
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2. Participle II ( ) ) ) .
.
) the produced steel
.
Steel produced by the plant is of high quality.
, (), .
) When heated metals melt.
( ) .
3. Participle II .
Steel and iron are produced from iron ore.
() .
, -ed , , , provided - , .
to provide with , ;
to provide for ;
. , provided , .. , , , , Past Indefinite, with, II . to be to have, II .
II
1. They provided our lab with modern equipment. ()
II
2. Students are provided with everything necessary for research work. ()
.
3. We worked in lab provided with the most modern equipment. ()
4. Well obtain good results in our work provided we get the necessary data. ( , )
: ed, , (.. II), (.. Past Indefinite).
I II
The substance formed possessed important qualities.
.
1. , ed .
1. Carbon combined with the oxygen of the air formed CO2 (Carbon dioxide).
2. The gases heated before the experiment entered the chamber and condensed.
3. The method applied increased the accuracy of the results.
4. The equipment installed modernized our laboratory too.
5. The device improved by this worker works well. The improved device was shown to the chief engineer. We improved this device only last week.
6. Any body heated to a high temperature is a source of light. The air heated in daytime cools at night. The radiator heated the air in the room.
Text A
Selling
1. When your business goes well you receive orders for your goods and services. Then you begin to make money by selling them. You can sell in different ways.
2. Direct selling. This is when your product is sold direct to the public, for example, in your shop or market stall. Its great advantage is that you know the opinionof your customer and make a better product.
3. Mail order. You can advertise in newspapers or magazines, inviting your customers to order goods from you by post. This is called mail order.
4. Direct mail. It is another way of selling by post. You send sales leaflets with order forms to potential customers.
5. Working to order. If you provide a service or make personalized goods, you need to encourage orders from customers. You can do it by printing leaflets and giving information about: yourself and your work in the advertising sections of newspapers and magazines. Designing an advertisement is not an easy thing to do.
6. Selling through agents and sales reps. While expanding sales you may need to employ sales representatives or agents. Agents are people who have a number of contacts and a specialist knowledge in a particular field. They work freelance (without a contract ) for several clients at once. They make their money by taking a percentage (say 10%) on everything they sell. Sales reps provide you with weekly sales reports, giving comments, assessments, and desires expressed by the customers about each product.
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Text B
Taxation
1. Many governments collect taxes from private individuals and businesses to pay for schools, prisons and so on. Businesses have to pay various types of tax related to wages, related to sales and related to local governments.
Types of taxes
2. VAT (Value Added tax). In many countries a tax is added to the price of goods and services. In Britain it is called VAT. Businesses having a high turnover no less than 20,000 are usually registered for VAT. It means that the tax is added to the price of your goods and services and paid to the GVT every three months.
3. Sales tax. In countries (e.g. the US) there is a sales tax (instead of) VAT. This type of tax is put on at the final stags, i.e. when goods are sold to the general public. It is not usually added to services. It is a simpler system than VAT and some people may slip through the system without paying sales tax: for example they can say that they are going to sell goods but keep them instead.
4. Income tax. People are charged income tax on the money they earned. A percentage of their annual income is paid. A record is kept by the employer of the money earned by each employee and the amount of tax deducted.
5. Business tax. All businesses have to pay tax on their profits. Tax is calculated according to your total income from sales minus your business expenses costs. That is why it is important to keep a record of your expenditure.
Active vocabulary.
)order ,
to receive orders
mail order
direct mail /
post , ||
to sell (sold,sold)
direct selling
sales ,
sales leaflet
agent , ,
sales representative (=rep)
sales report
market stall ()
order form
to make personalized goods
to encourage ,
contact , || , , .
to design an advertisement
to take a percentage
to gike comments ; ;
t gike an assessment
b) government ,
local ~
tndividual
to pay for
related to
VAT=Value-Addet Tax (.)
turnover
sales tax .
to put a tax on goods
to keep goods
income
annual ~
income tax
to be charged (with)
to keep a record
an employer
to earn money
to deduct ,
business tax
business expenses (=costs) 1. ; 2.
to calculate tax , ,
expenditure 1., ;2. , ()
Translation notes.
1 gvt = goverment
2 goverment = high officials (for example, ministers) who solve most important problems in a country
3 VAT = Value Added Tax. As an indirect tax which replaced Purchase tax in connection with Britainsentry into European Econmic Comunity
4 e.g. = for instance (.)
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i.e. ( id est), that is
5 to slip through ,
6 to be going to do smth. , -
7 at once ,
8 another . other
9 way
in such a way ()
in many ways
in a general way 1) 2)
10particular 1. , . 2. , ,
11to advertise ,
an advertisement ,
advertising 1. , ;2. (),
advertising section ,
12to provide for 1) , ;2)
to provide with (),
to provide smth
The agreement provide for further expention of two-way trade. .
The Committee provide the conference with all the necessary documentation. .
The agreement provides an example of an extremely fruitful work. .
13 public : 1) , , ;2) ; ; .
, : public expenditure ; public opinion ; public sector ; general public , .
Unit 5
1. complex object
2. as
3. thethe
Text A Customers and Traders rights.
Text B Supply and demand.
The complex object with the Infinitive.
