, , (. 20.2).
Q ( 21.1) 135, .
21.1 ,
, 3 | ||||
4 -6 | 10 - 12 | 20 - 30 | 50 - 100 | |
( ) t. c t. ( 135), ., - n . | 15 -18 30 42 45 60 1 1.32 3 3.5 | 4 4.5 0.95 0.9 | 0.92 4.8 5.2 0.85 0.75 | 0.92 5.5 6 0.7 0.6 |
, , (. 20.11); , . t. . 21.1. . = (. 13.2 21.1).
( > 1.4) ()
t 450 d2/ + /(0.9 + 0.6), (21.9) d , ; , 3.
()
t. (0.5 + 2.5/) , (21.10) - , .
45 - 75 170 .
(t. t) t = 2t. (20.14). t .
= t + t + t. + t (21.11)
() t (0.35 + 5) / . (21.12)
. max ( 30), ℓ:
= . max + - ℓ sin a 3. (21.13)
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( )
ℓ.max L cos /cos - ℓ (21.14) L ℓ , ; - , .
, (20.16); .
ℓ (5 + 100 . (21.15)
, d 0.4 . , t 2 c. , , V: E 4 5 ( 21.2).
21.2
, 3 | , , | |||||
d 0.4 | d > 0.4 | |||||
0.1 1.5 2 4 6 -8 | 0.5 1.5 | 1.5 1.8 2.8 | 4.8 5.8 5.5 6.8 6.5 - 8 | 2.8 3 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.6 | 2.4 2.6 | 2.5 3.6 3.8 |
20.3. :
......................................................................................................... 1.05 0.9
......................................................................................... 0.9 0.7
............................................................................................ 0.9 0.6
................................................................................. 0.7 0.4
( 1.3 1.4). (. 20.4, 20.5).
. (20.17), (20.18), (20.19). () ( ) max = ℓ. max 1.7 (0.4L ).
max = ℓ. max 1.7 (0.4L H). (21.16)
< max, , . , = 0.5max 13 - 15.
, , 20, 30, 40, 70% 2, 2 3, 4 -8 8 3. ( 21.3). , Q, L R ( ),
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Q =Q L, 3 / ( /).
5.
: , , , , , , , . 20 30% , , - 10 12% .
, . . ; 12 15%. , . 4 8 3 70 180 /. 8 10 .
( ) . (7 2 ) (2.5 1.5 ). . () , , . 1 , , , .
, , 0.5 1 3. , ; .
, . .
-, . - - . . .
() - , , .
, . , . .
. . , . .
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( ) . .