() . () . F = tb, t - ( ), ; b , .
( ) (. 3.5), .
13.5 : ; ; .
13.6
, (. 13.6, ); F F , , ( = 60 -7 0) (. 13.6, ); F 1,1 F. , , (. 13.6, , ) ( , ) ; F 1,2 F.
. , . t = 0.1 1.5 .
()
F = 10-3 /F 10-3 /(bt), (13.1) , ; F , b t .
G, G, G . , = 0.016 0.025 , = 0.2 0.3 , F 1 .
. F , , . F 3 - 30 , , . F , . F 1.1 1.6 1.3 3 . , = 0.6 0.9.
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, (W = 1417%) , (. 13.7). F (W = 26%) .
F ( ). . , , , 0.06 0.13; 0.1 0.19; 0.15 0.29 0.095 0.18 .
13.7 :
1 ; 2 W =1417%; 3 W = 89%; 4 ; 5 ; F F ; h
F , , , .
13.8 F t (b = 200 ):
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4
, (F 1020%), ( 815%). F 1030%. F 30--50. 2.54 / F.
F . , 1040 30---70%. ().
() F . F , (. 13.8), . t: b = 0.10.33, t:b 1.
(, ) () , , . > (F = const) F (, ) () . , , . , . .
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, , :
- , , ;
- ( );
- , ;
- , , .
, - , , . , - , , . , .
- , , .
, ( )
. = 1 (0.2G + G + G) + 2 g, (13.2) G, G, G ; - / 3; g /2; 1 2 .
. , , (. 13.1). `.>25, .
13.1.
Gc, | . |
V V | : : ( ) : : : |
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: 1 .
2. G G: G G : G.
`., ( , ), .:
`. = ., - , ( 13.2) .
13.2