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Without turning her head she said, 'Are you going to stay to supper?' He was not, he answered, waking suddenly. She did not rise with him, did not turn her head, and he let himself out the front door and into the late spring twilight, where was already a faint star above the windless trees. On the drive just without the garage, Harry's new car stood. At the moment he was doing something to the engine of it while the house-yard-stable boy held a patent trouble-lamp above the beetling crag of his head, and his daughter and Rachel, holding tools or detached sections of the car's vitals, leaned their intent dissimilar faces across his bent back and into the soft bluish glare of the light. Horace went on homeward. Twilight, evening, came swiftly. Before he reached the corner where he turned, the street lamps sputtered and failed, then glared above the intersections, beneath the arching trees.

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The Naked and the Dead (1948) brought Norman Mailer unexpected and unnerving acclaim. But he turned his back on his easy success and began a deeper exploration of the contemporary consciousness than the technique of his first novel would allow. He has been savagely attacked for the "failure" of his later work, as well as for his unorthodox public opinions and behaviour. It was over a decade after the publication of his first novel before critics began to realize that Mailer's own instincts were surer than those of his reviewers. Structurally, The Naked and the Dead is well made. The events of the novel, reinforced by Mailer's ironic


commentary, illustrate a deterministic view of the war. The war is shown to be irrational, a series of almost random accidents, despite the huge, intricate military organizations which nominally direct it. It is, in the structural metaphor of the whole novel, like a wave whipped up somewhere far offshore, gathering amplitude and direction, crashing upon a beach, receding once again. Mailer's soldiers even his general are like the molecules of water involved. The only fact is death, and confronted by the fact, man is naked. Much of Mailer's technique is derived from Dos Passos, Steinbeck, Hemingway, and later Fitzgerald much, much later. And Thomas Wolfe, of course.

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'Who gives a damn about parades?' Lieutenant Engle said. Actually, no one but Lieutenant Scheisskopf really gave a damn about the parades, least of all the bloated colonel with the big moustache, who was chairman of the Action Board and began bellowing at Clevinger the moment Clevinger stepped gingerly into the room to plead innocent to the charges Lieutenant Scheisskopf had lodged against him. The colonel beat his fist down the table and hurt his hand and became so further enraged with Clevinger that he beat his fist down upon the table even harder and hurt his hand some more. Lieutenant Scheisskopf glared at Clevinger with tight lips, mortified by the poor impression Clevinger was making.

'In sixty days you'll be fighting Billy Petrolle,' the colonel with the big fat moustache roared. 'And you think it's a big fat joke.'

'I don't think it's a joke, sir,' Clevinger replied.

'Don't interrupt.'


'Yes, sir.'

'And sir superior offices when you do/ ordered Major Metcalf.

'Yes, sir.'

'Weren't you just ordered not to interrupt?' Major Metcalf inquired coldly.

'But I didn't interrupt, sir,' Clevinger protested.

'No. And you didn't sir me either. Add that to the charges against him,' Major Metcalf directed the corporal who could take shorthand. 'Failure to sir superior offices when not interrupting them.'

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two opposing positions. According to one view, human beings generally (whatever their culture or language) are endowed with a common stock of basic concepts "conceptual primes" as ther are sometime: known. Language, according to this view, is merely a vehicle for expressing the conceptual system which exists independently of it. And, because all the conceptual systems share a common basis, all languages turn out to be fundamentally similar. According to this position, thought determines language. We might characterize this view as the "universalist" position.

The alternative position maintains that thought is difficult to separate from language; each is woven inextricably into the other. Concepts can only take shape if and when we have words and structures in which to express them. Thinking depends crucially upon language. Because the vocabularies and structures of separate languages can vary so widely, it makes no sense to posit conceptual primes of a universal nature. Habitual users of one language will experience and understand the world in ways peculiar to that language and different from those of habitual users of another language. The latter viewpoint might be termed the "relativist" position.





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