(UN, 1999)
( )
Mr. Chairman,
Allow me to associate myself with the congratulations extended to you on your election to the important post of Chairman of the third session of the Preparatory Committee for the Year 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), and to express our confidence that under your skilled leadership the work of the Committee will proceed fruitfully and achieve positive results.
Mr. Chairman,
Since we attach the great importance to the decisions and resolutions of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Kazakhstan supports efforts at encouraging the full application and
effective implementation of the provisions of this Treaty. The termless nature of the Treaty strongly reinforces the bases of international stability and security, and creates prospects for progress towards disarmament. 187 countries are already parties to the treaty. In the last four years alone 9 states have acceded to the NPT, and this is an important step towards ensuring its universality.
The wealth of experience gained in post-conflict development provides an additional impetus to the multilateral negotiations aimed at achieving specific practical solutions in the sphere of security, arms limitation and disarmament. It is universally acknowledged that a priority area of the negotiation process is nuclear disarmament and the strengthening of the non-proliferation regime. At the same time, unless we undertake concrete action in this area, we will never achieve our goal. We must recognize that the problems of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation have become interdependent, and that international security can be brought about only through joint efforts by both nuclear and non-nuclear states.
The highest priority role in advancing a solution to these questions in the disarmament field, as we see it, lies with the United Nations. The strength of interaction within the UN will determine the successful progress of the international community towards a secure, stable and prosperous world.
Mr. Chairman,
The current session of the Preparatory Committee is taking place at a critical time, when the approach of the new millenium makes it vitally necessary to take careful stock of what has been achieved and to develop reliable parameters for international relations in the future.
Unfortunately, it must be acknowledged that on the threshold of the next century the international community has encountered the threat of the proliferation of nuclear weapons. It is becoming quite evident that the new century will not be a safer one. However, a sense of futility should not dominate the international community. Specific steps are needed to eliminate the nuclear threat.
An important contribution to a practical solution to the problems facing the international community in the area of nuclear non-proliferation has been made by the effective mechanisms produced by the IAEA to monitor the turnover in nuclear materials, strengthen the international safeguards system and establish effective cooperation on questions of nuclear energy and radiation safety in the treatment of wastes.
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Today's world is unimaginable without the broad use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes. These include not only atomic energy, but also many nuclear-physics isotope technologies and methods, which have found their way into virtually all areas of our lives. There is a progressive development of peaceful nuclear technologies, and in these circumstances the task of maintaining and strengthening the non-proliferation regime will continue to be a highly relevant issue.
Kazakhstan attaches great importance to progress in the implementation of the initiative for the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in Central Asia. We are convinced that the zone in Central Asia will constitute an important step towards strengthening the non-proliferation regime, the development of cooperation in the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, the development of cooperation in the ecological rehabilitation of territories which have suffered from radioactive contamination, and will promote general and complete disarmament and a strengthening of regional and international peace and security. Kazakhstan will continue to participate consistently and constructively to establish this zone.
Mr. Chairman,
The indefinite extension of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is one of the most outstanding events in the strengthening of the regime for the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. At the same time, as we see it, there is a clear need to build on that success and to move towards the noble goal of full nuclear disarmament. We hope that the year 2000 Review Conference will achieve successful results.
The delegation of Kazakhstan is ready to continue to strengthen its cooperation with the delegations of states parties to the Treaty to
achieve that goal.
10
(, 1995)
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Mr. Chairman,
We have no doubt/it is perfectly clear to us/there is no question that/it goes without saying that/the Committee on outer space, given/ provided/with/if the Committee is given/the appropriate authority/ competencies, is needed by/fulfills a need of/the international community. It has a reliable system of values, extensive experience in dialogue, and a long/impressive record of cooperation/interaction, which clearly/obviously/must be fully used/put to use/utilized/made use of/in the peaceful exploration of outer space.
It would be useful in many ways/in many respects/to expand/ continue/work on the draft of principles for international cooperation in the field of outer space, in particular since the relevant consolidated working paper is/forms/represents a good basis for finalizing/taking agreed decisions. Then/in that case/we feel, a worse case scenario regarding/a pessimistic outcome to/this agenda item, the assumption/ notion/that dialogue/cannot succeed/is doomed to fail/failure, would be replaced by/give way/yield to/a positive attitude regarding/impetus towards/creative interaction/contacts.
The work awaiting us next year/Next year's work/The work forthcoming next year/on the question/issue of the delimitation of air and outer space also clearly requires/calls for greater/increased/ enhanced attention. Here there/are real possibilities/real opportunities /is real potential for seeking/finding compromises regarding the methodology/to be considered/for further consideration of this subject.
The questionnaire which has been agreed on objects in outer space covers significant/important ideas/concepts,/and encourages/ stimulates/prompts a more/increasingly logical and conceptual/a
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Revitalized logical approachto the problem of delimitation. It is possible that at some stage it may yet/still be possible to reach an understanding among both the supporters and opponentsof consideration of issues of delimitation of outer space, and to move to a higher/more sophisticated level of dialogue. This requires above all/first and foremost a joint decision as to precisely which elements of the present paradigm will remain and which require modification/adjustments/ restructuring.
New points of reference/structural elementsare also needed in work on the subject of the geostationary orbit. Here there is a real need to revive/infuse a new spirit in/revitalize dialogue on various aspects of the fair and effective use of the GSO. It is also important to fully recognize/be fully aware that/noble/good/positive intentions/ constructive involvement/work for the common goodand the desire to see justice done are possible only given/through a careful treatment of existing facts/realities and circumstances.
Now we turn to our view of the subject of "space debris" as a possible agenda item of the Legal Subcommittee. This year that problem was a major subject/key element in many statements by representatives of states. The dominant theme/what predominated was,/as we see it, a constructive desire to discuss the ways and means for/to bring about/a transition to the setting of standards/norms in this complex and sensitive field/area.
In/while analyzing the prospects for international-legal regulation of man-made/technologically generated littering of outer space, we of course/naturally/are not proposing/intending to ignore the complexity of the issues under consideration or to avoid/circumvent/sidestep the stage of a detailed study of the technical aspects of the problem, which in fact has made it possible to consolidate in/bring together in/a single system all of the factors/phenomena linked/connected to "space debris." Ignoring this aspect/this facet/factor can only mean/ lead to/result in/one thing for all of us we risk finding/are likely to find/ourselves in a situation in which a random/spontaneous creative approach prevails over rational planning/thinking/patterns, in which improvisation/flights of fancy and considerations of expediency/ short-term considerations/become more important than our shared/ collectively planned positive/constructive project/work.
We believe/take as our starting point/that truth will become our shared legacy/will be shared by all of us only if we all act together/in concert, conscientiously displaying/demonstrating sensitivity towards each other's points of view, thoughtfully/and calmly analyzing both the prospects for long-term decisions in this field and the possibilities/opportunities for medium term compromise solutions.
On the whole/generally speaking, the discussion of the question of convening a new global/world conference on outer space is moving in a constructive direction/taking place in a constructive atmosphere/ manner/spirit/tone. A constructive atmosphere/tone is prevailing/ dominating in/characterizing the discussion of the question of convening a new global/world conference on outer space.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
This is an extremely difficult text, one which requires a good deal of rethinking and reworking if it is to make sense in English. It contains many terms specific to the field of outer space and also expressions commonly used in statements on political subjects.
:
1) should generally be translated as "outer space," not as
"space," to avoid confusion with . If the word has already
occurred several times in a speech, however, to save time the interpreter
can then say "space."
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2) "adequate" does not work
here. "Given the appropriate authority" or even "mandated" is what is
meant.
3) "extensive experience"
or "a wealth of experience" works better than the hackneyed "rich
experience." In English, "solid capital" does not make sense. What is
meant is a long record of "experience" in international cooperation, but
if the word has just been used to translate "," "an impressive record"
is a good choice.
4) "consolidated" is better than
"integrated," as this implies a synthesis of various draft documents. "
" at conferences is nearly always "working paper."
5) The idea here is a "worse-case
scenario" rather than the fairly bland "pessimistic scenario."
6) the interpreter should not forget
that "potential" is often a good or better translation of ""
than the frequently used "opportunities" or "possibilities."
7) "" is sometimes
. The notion is of various ideas or concepts; "
" can safely be dropped.
8) the idea of is of a revitalization
or revival, and this sounds better than the awkward-sounding literal
translation "renewal," which sounds strange as applied to ideas
or concepts.
9) supporters/advocates and
"opponents" sounds somewhat better than "critics," though the word can
also be used.
10) "corrections" should be avoided,
as this word is best applied to something highly specific i.e. typing or
mathematical errors. In talking about ideas or abstractions, "adjustments"
or "modifications" are much better choices.
11) "coordinates" does not work in English.
"Elements," "factors," or "points of reference" will do.
12) "Spiritual abnegation" sounds like a
prescription for a religious retreat, and "selflessness" is too emotional for
this context. The idea here is a more general one of shared rather than
individual interests.
13) are best rendered as "realities," since "real facts"
is both a tautology and idiomatically awkward.
14) must be translated by the accepted term, "space
debris." Anything involving "garbage" or "trash" would sound ridiculous.
15) is the setting or establishing of norms or
standards in a given field.
16) is best translated by a gerund,
"Ignoring this aspect." Using the noun "ignorance" would radically change
the meaning, implying rather than .
17) The word often is better translated
as "planned" or "intended" rather than "thought up," which can imply
frivolity or a lack of seriousness.
18) the last sentence of this
text is extremely tricky syntactically. The interpreter who does not have a
text and starts in with "in a constructive direction" will have to insert
something to finish the sentence properly, e.g. "On the whole a
constructive direction (is the way) the discussion of the question of... is
going." here can to be rendered as "tone," "way" or "spirit."
If the interpreter has started in with "On the whole a constructive
direction" (and we hope that he would not say "in a constructive
direction," but think nominative!) he can try to save the sentence by
turning it into: "On the whole a constructive direction is the way the
discussion on... has been going.." The sentence is a good example of why
it pays to wait for an extra few seconds before starting the interpretation.
International Cooperation for the Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes (UN, 1995)
( , )
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Mr. Chairman,
We have no doubt that the Committee on outer space, if given the appropriate authority, fulfills a need of the international community. It has a reliable system of values, extensive experience in dialogue, and an impressive record of cooperation which clearly must be fully utilized in the peaceful exploration of outer space.
It would be useful in many respects to continue work on the draft of principles for international cooperation in the field of outer space, in particular since the consolidated working paper forms a good basis for finalizing agreed decisions. In that case, we feel, a worst case scenario regarding this agenda item, the notion that dialogue is doomed to failure, would give way to a positive attitude regarding creative interaction.
Next year's work on the question of the delimitation of air and outer space also clearly requires greater attention. Here there is real potential for seeking compromises regarding the methodology for further consideration of this subject.
The questionnaire which has been agreed upon regarding objects in outer space covers important concepts, and encourages a revitalized logical and conceptual approach to the problem of delimitation. It is possible that at some stage it may still be possible to reach an understanding among both the supporters and opponents of consideration of issues of delimitation of space, and to move to a more sophisticated level of dialogue. This requires first and foremost a joint decision as to precisely which elements of the present paradigm will remain and which require adjustments.
New structural elements are also needed in work on the subject of the geostationary orbit. Here there is a real need to revitalize dialogue on various aspects of the fair and effective use of the GSO. It is also important to fully recognize that positive intentions and the desire to see justice done are possible only given a careful treatment of existing realities and circumstances.
Now we turn to our view of the subject of "space debris" as a possible agenda item of the Legal Subcommittee. This year that problem was a key element in many statements by representatives of states. The dominant theme was, as we see it, a constructive desire to discuss the ways and means for a transition to the setting of standards in this complex and sensitive field.
In analyzing the prospects for international-legal regulation of technologically generated littering of outer space, we naturally are not proposing to ignore the complexity of the issues under consideration or to sidestep the stage of a detailed study of the technical aspects of the problem, which in fact has made it possible to consolidate in a single system all of the factors linked to "space debris." Ignoring this aspect can only result in one thing for all of us we risk finding ourselves in a situation in which a random creative approach prevails over rational planning, in which improvisation and considerations of expediency become more important than our collectively planned constructive project.
We believe that truth will become our shared legacy only if we all act together, conscientiously demonstrating sensitivity towards each other's points of view, thoughtfully and calmly analyzing both the prospects for long term decisions in this field and the opportunities for medium term compromise solutions.
On the whole, the discussion of the question of convening a new global conference on outer space is taking place in a constructive atmosphere.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
11
(, 1986)
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Most of these medical terms require no-nonsense translation. In some sense technical translation is the easiest kind, because the interpreter's choices are so limited. On the other hand, this does require a precise knowledge of the technical terms used in the specific field. Here advance preparation is a must.
In my report/presentation/talk today 1 would like to draw your attention to the question of what space flights can teach us and in particular lengthy flights on deepening and broadening/expanding our medical knowledge about human beings.
Nature is not only around us, but also within us. We ourselves are a part of nature, to which we need to give thought, and which needs to be as carefully protected as the environment.
In general terms, abstractly speaking, everyone understands this. The problem and it is a real one is/lies in that fact/that few of us/by no means all of us/only some of us/associate this with our own health, with our own life style.
Prevention of illness, the maintenance of (good) health, and an active and long life/an active old age/an active life-style and longevity/ have long been regarded/posited/as the major/fundamental/basic goal of medicine. And here/in this area/impressive/outstanding/results have been achieved. Suffice it to/we need only/recall the successful eradication/elimination of many dangerous infectious diseases.
It has now become clear that space medicine has made/Space medicine has/clearly made a significant/very valuable contribution/ contributed greatly/done much for the expansion of medical knowledge.
Our (so-called) "patients," astronauts, are healthy people/ individuals/whom we observe/follow/track/monitor for rather long periods of their lives. These include the period of selection and training, the very difficult/hard/heavy duties during space flights and during the return to earth's gravitational pull/the earth's/terrestrial/ gravity, preparations for new launches/flights, and then the actual flight itself. At/during all these stages the astronauts are given thorough physical examinations and are under rigorous/close/ constant/intensive medical observation.
Our knowledge of the mechanisms governing/regulating the cardiovascular system, muscle tone, movement coordination, and fluid-electrolyte metabolism has been considerably/greatly expanded. We also know a great deal/much/more about the structure and functioning of bone tissue and of the vestibular/inner ear mechanism.
It is well known/it is common knowledge that among types of illnesses various pathologies/diseases/of the cardiovascular system are
among the most significant/ widespread/ important/play a very important role. Among these, first and foremost, coronary heart disease and hypertension with complications, primarily involving disorders in cerebral circulation are the major causes of/are primarily responsible for/death and disability/mortality and morbidity of people in many countries. The pathology of the cardiovascular system can rightfully/with good reason be called/termed/ labeled an illness of the 20th century.
This, it seems to me, is precisely (the reason)/This explains/why for the diagnosis and prevention of cardiovascular disease the experience of space medicine can be extremely useful.
It is known that in space flights fundamental/basic/the most significant/changes occur in the cardiovascular system. These are primarily attributed/linked to a drop/decrease/decline in motor activity, greater/increased nervous-emotional strain, and a shift in blood flow towards the upper part of the body due to the loss of gravity/as a result/due to/zero gravity in blood circulation, and a number of/some other/less important factors/reasons. This is why/ therefore/medical monitoring/monitoring of the health of astronauts/ continues to stress/attach great importance to/allocate a leading role to cardiovascular examinations.
It is clear that such illnesses as coronary heart disease, hypertension and a number of other circulatory ailments/illnesses/ diseases do not emerge all of a sudden/out of the blue/out of nowhere/without warning. They develop gradually under the influence of/subject to/as a result of negative conditions, so-called/ known as/"risk factors." The results of large-scale/extensive epidemiological studies have shown/demonstrated that the basic risk factors of cardiovascular disease are a lack of/insufficient/physical activity/a sedentary life style, nervous-emotional stress/tension, poor nutrition (obesity), disorders of the lipid metabolism, smoking, etc.
(As for) individual risk factors, (these) include three non-controllable ones: age, sex, and heredity. Moreover, it is known that the frequency/ incidence of cardiovascular diseases increases with age, that the incidence among men is twice as high as among women, and that the probability of such illness is higher among individuals/ people/whose parents had heart attacks/below the age of 50/when they were under 50. The most important of these factors are: constitutional (genetic) traits; age; a family history of cardiovascular disorders; sedentary life style; poor nutrition (obesity); and stress (neuro-emotional strain).
Another important risk factor accompanying the development of cardiovascular disease is poor diet.
Our human nature is ancient, but it is by no means antiquated/an ancient relic. It should be preserved not by protecting the organism from physical or information overload, or by creating for it some kind of hothouse or artificial/antiseptic living conditions.
