The Participle
The participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal and an adjectival or an adverbial character.
There are two participles in English Participle I and Participle II, traditionally called the Present Participle and the Past Participle.
N o t e. These traditional terms are open to objection on the ground that Participle I does not necessarily refer to the present, just as Participle II need not refer to the past. The difference between them is not a difference in tense, but, chiefly a difference in voice.
Participle I is formed by adding the suffix ‑ing to the stem of the verb; the following spelling rules should be observed:
(a) If a verb ends in a mute e, the mute e is dropped before adding the suffix ‑ing: to give giving, to close closing.
(b) If a verb ends in a consonant preceded by a vowel rendering a short stressed sound, the final consonant is doubled before adding the suffix ‑ing: to run running, to forget forgetting, to admit admitting.
A final l is doubled if it is preceded by a vowel letter rendering a short vowel sound, stressed or unstressed: to expel expelling, to travel travelling.
(c) The verbs to die, to lie and to tie form Participle I in the following way: dying, lying, tying.
N o t e. A final is not changed before adding the suffix ‑ing: to comply complying, to deny denying.
As has already been stated, the participle has a verbal and an adjectival or adverbial character. Its adjectival or adverbial character is manifested in its syntactic functions, those of attribute or adverbial modifier.
I hated the hollow sound of the rain pattering on the roof. (Dtt Maurier) (ATTRIBUTE).
, .
And then she turned to the title-page, and looked at the name written in the schoolboy hand. (Ch. Bronte) (ATTRIBUTE)
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Having garaged his car, he remembered that he had not lunched. (Galsworthy) (ADVERBIAL MODIFIER)
, , .
When left to herself she spent her time at her writing desk. (Trollope) (ADVERBIAL MODIFIER)
, .
N o t e. Some participles have lost their verbality altogether and have become adjectives: interesting, charming, alarming, etc., complicated, distinguished, furnished, etc. E. g. an interesting book, a charming girl, the alarming news; a complicated problem, a distinguished writer, a furnished apartment.
The verbal characteristics of the participle are as follows:
1. Participle I of a transitive verb can take a direct object.
Opening the door,he went out on to the terrace. (Galsworthy)
2. Participle I and Participle II can be modified by an adverb.
Leaving the room hurriedly,he ran out. (Thackeray)
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Deeply effected, Priam Farll rose and left the room. (Bennett)
3. Participle I has tense distinctions; Participle I of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions. In Modern English Participle I has the following forms:
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | writing | being written |
| Perfect | having written | having been written |
The tense distinctions of the participle.
Like the tense distinctions of all the verbals, those of the participle are not absolute but relative.
Participle I Indefinite Active and Passive usually denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depending oh the tense-form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future.
When reading The Pickwick Papers,one cant help laughing.
When reading The Pickwick Papers,I couldnt help laughing.
When reading The Pickwick Papers, you will roar with laughter.
He looked at the carpet while waiting for her answer. (Galsworthy)
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returned to the hut, bringing in his arms a new-born lamb. (Hardy)
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Not being able to read, think, or work, Bathsheba asked Liddy to stay and breakfast with her. (Hardy)
( ) , , , .
Being left alone, Pauline and I kept silence for some time. (Ch. Bronte)
, .
She did not speak, being filled with the sense of silent confidence. (Eliot)
; , .
Sometimes Participle I Indefinite denotes an action referring to no particular time.
The last turning had brought them into the high-road leading to Bath. (Hardy)
, ( ) .
Participle I Perfect Active and Passive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb.
Mr. Bumble, having spread a handkerchief over his knees... began to eat and drink. (Dickens)
, ..., .
They were, indeed, old friends, having been at school together. (Walpole)
, .
Having already been informed that he always slept with a light in the room, I placed one of the two lighted candles on a little table at the head of the bed...
(Collins)
, , .
It should be noted that a prior action is not always expressed by Participle I Perfect: with some verbs of sense perception and motion, such as to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn and some others, Participle I Indefinite is used even when priority is meant.
Turning down an obscure street and entering an obscurer lane, he went up to a smiths shop. (Hardy)
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Hearing a footstep below he rose and went to the top of the stairs. (Hardy)
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Participle II has no tense distinctions; it has only one form which can express both an action simultaneous with, and prior to the action expressed by the finite verb; the latter case is more frequent.
His sisters eyes fixed on him with a certain astonishment, obliged him at last to look at Fleur. (Galsworthy)
, , , , .
I was reminded of a portrait seen in a gallery. (Du Maulier)
, .
In some cases Participle II denotes an action referring to no particular time.
He is a man loved and admired by everybody.
