WEEK 14
Texts: Civil Engineering, Mission and Vision, Development of Engineering, Building material
Grammar: Perfect Continuous Tense.
Glossary.
Communicative practice: Kazakhstan.
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering is concerned with creative use of engineering principles and science to shape and improve our lives and our environment.
The work of the Civil Engineer centres on sustainable design for the built and natural environment. Civil Engineers design, build, maintain and manage roads, railways, dams, buildings, airports, hospitals, schools, harbours and sports stadia. They design water supply and water treatment systems and river management, flood and coastal protection schemes.
Civil Engineers are involved in seeing major infrastructure projects through from design to construction to completion.
If you are interested in making lasting, positive improvements to society, in sustainable design for the protection of the natural environment, in improving the quality of life for millions of people using novel building techniques and materials, then Civil Engineering is the career choice for you.
Following specialisation in third year, Honours studies will include: Engineering Analysis & Methods, Fluid Mechanics, Stress Analysis, Engineering Design, Geotechnics, Mechanics of Structures, Design of Structural Elements, Professional Development in the Construction Industry, Economics, Resource & Safety Management, Safety & Reliability Engineering, Field Survey & Engineering Hydrology (field course), Engineering Project & Manufacturing Management,
Mission and Vision
A Unique Learning Environment
The Tufts University School of Engineering offers a rigorous engineering education in a unique environment that blends the intellectual and technological resources of a world-class research university with the strengths of a top-ranked liberal arts college. Our size and educational philosophy support a distinctive sense of community, a diversity of perspectives, and a student-centric learning environment. Engineering curricula across a wide spectrum of majors emphasize project-based learning, the nurturing of leadership skills, and cultivation of creativity through innovative design. Close partnerships with Tufts' cadre of excellent undergraduate, graduate, and professional schools, coupled with a long tradition of collaboration, provide a strong platform for interdisciplinary education and scholarship. Proximity to a thriving Boston metropolitan area facilitates close relationships with local industry and research labs, student internship and employment opportunities, and the committed engagement of seasoned practitioners in the school professoriate.
Mission
To educate engineers committed to the innovative and ethical application of science and technology in addressing the most pressing societal needs
To develop and nurture twenty-first century leadership qualities, perspectives, and skills in our students and faculty.
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To develop and disseminate transformational new knowledge and technologies that further the well-being and sustainability of society
To provide national leadership in enhancing the role and visibility of the engineering profession in the education of our youth and the development and implementation of public policy
Strategic Areas
The Tufts University School of Engineering (SOE) focuses on building core strength and visibility in select cross-cutting strategic areas. The following criteria were considered in the selection of these areas: provide opportunity for significant societal impact; build on SOE faculty expertise and leadership; leverage opportunities for multi-disciplinary engagement across the SOE; link to faculty strengths in Arts and Sciences and the Tufts professional schools (medicine, dental medicine, law and diplomacy, nutrition, veterinary medicine); and resonate with university priorities. Based upon these considerations, the School strives for preeminence in its research and educational programs in three strategic areas:
Engineering for Human Health faculty strengths and cross-school collaboration include biomedical imaging, regenerative medicine, bioinformatics, waterborne disease, and metabolic engineering
Engineering for Sustainability faculty strengths and collaborations encompass water and diplomacy, water quality, climate change mitigation, environmental remediation, smart structures, alternative energy, and smart grids
Engineering the Human/Technology Interface faculty strengths include development and dissemination of educational technologies, robotics and cognition, sensors, human factors engineering, visualization.
Development of Engineering
Until the Industrial Revolution there were only two kinds of engineers. The military engineer built such things as fortifications, catapults, and, later, cannons. The civil engineer built bridges, harbors, aqueducts, buildings, and other structures. During the early 19th cent. in England mechanical engineering developed as a separate field to provide manufacturing machines and the engines to power them. The first British professional society of civil engineers was formed in 1818; that for mechanical engineers followed in 1847. In the United States, the order of growth of the different branches of engineering, measured by the date a professional society was formed, is civil engineering (1852), mining and metallurgical engineering (1871), mechanical engineering (1880), electrical engineering (1884), and chemical engineering (1908).
The first schools in the United States to offer an engineering education were the United States Military Academy (West Point) in 1817, an institution now known as Norwich Univ. in 1819, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1825. An engineering education is based on a strong foundation in mathematics and science; this is followed by courses emphasizing the application of this knowledge to a specific field and studies in the social sciences and humanities to give the engineer a broader education.
Building material
Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, woodand rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic.The manufacture of building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific
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specialty trades, such as carpentry, plumbing, roofing and insulation work. They provide the make-up of habitats and structures including homes.
Fabric
The tent used to be the home of choice among nomadic groups the world over. Two well known types include the conical teepee and the circular yurt. It has been revived as a major construction technique with the development of tensile architecture and synthetic fabrics. Modern buildings can be made of flexible material such as fabric membranes, and supported by a system of steel cables, rigid framework or internal (air pressure.)
Mud and clay
The amount of each material used leads to different styles of buildings. The deciding factor is usually connected with the quality of the soil being used. Larger amounts of clay usually mean using the cob/adobe style, while low clay soil is usually associated with sod building. The other main ingredients include more or less sand/gravel and straw/grasses.
Rammed earth is both an old and newer take on creating walls, once made by compacting clay soils between planks by hand; now forms and mechanical pneumatic compressors are used.
Soil and especially clay is good thermal mass; it is very good at keeping temperatures at a constant level. Homes built with earth tend to be naturally cool in the summer heat and warm in cold weather. Clay holds heat or cold, releasing it over a period of time like stone. Earthen walls change temperature slowly, so artificially rising or lowering the temperature can use more resources than in say a wood built house, but the heat/coolness stays longer.
Peoples building with mostly dirt and clay, such as cob, sod, and adobe, resulted in homes that have been built for centuries in western and northern Europe as well as the rest of the world, and continue to be built, though on a smaller scale. Some of these buildings have remained habitable for hundreds of years.
Engineer
An engineer is a professional practitioner of engineering, concerned with applying scientific knowledge, mathematics and ingenuity to develop solutions for technical problems. Engineers design materials, structures, machines and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, safety and cost. The word engineer is derived from the Latin root ingenium, meaning "cleverness".
Engineers are grounded in applied sciences, and their work in research and development is distinct from the basic research focus of scientists. The work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and the applications that meet the needs of society.
Perfect Continuous Tenses.
қғ қ .
ұ : Present Perfect Continuous Tense (қғ қ) Past Perfect Continuous Tense (қғ ө қ), Future Perfect Continuous Tense (қғ қ) ұ.
ү.
1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense қғ қ.
қғ қ қғ қғ (Present Perfect) to be ө (have been, has been) ә - ing ғ қ .
: I have been writing. He (he, it) has been writing.
They (we, you) have been writing.
2. Past Perfect Continuous Tense қғ ө қ
қғ ө қ қғ ө қғ (Past Perfect) to be (had been) ә -ing ғ қ .
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: I had been writing. He, she, t had been writing.
They, you, we, had been writing.
3. Future Perfect Continuous Tense қғ қ
қғ қ қ қғ қғ (Future Perfect) to be (will have been, shall have been) ә -ing ғ қ .
: I shall have been writing. He (she, it) will have been writing.
They (you) will have been writing.
We shall have been writing.
ұ ү.
ұ ү ө ң ұ.
: Present Perfect Continuous: Have I been working?
Has he been working?
Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Had we been working?
Future Perfect Continuous Tense: Shall I have been working?
Will he have been working?
ү
ү not ө қ құ ә not ө ө ұ.
: Present Perfect Continuous: I have not been working?
He has not been working?
Past Perfect Continuous Tense: I had not been working?
Future Perfect Continuous Tense: I shall not have been working?
He will not have been working?
| Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | Future Perfect Continuous |
| I have been working for two hours | I had been working for two hours, when they came back. | I shall have been working for two hours, when they cme back. |
| ғ ұ . | қ ғ ұ . | қ ғ ұ . |
Exercise 1.
