THE COMPOUND SENTENCE AND THE COMPLEX SENTENCE
THE COMPLEX SENTENCE
To separate subordinate clauses from the principal clause the following rules on the use of stops are observed.
Subject clauses as a rule are not separated from the principal clause by any stop.
What he learned of farming in that week might have been balanced on the point of a penknife and puffed off. (Galsworthy)
However, a comma is found if the subject clause is of some length and if a subordinate clause is attached to it.
What had saved him from becoming a cross between a lap dog and a little prig, had been his fathers adoration of his mother. (Galsworthy)
Predicative clauses as a rule are not separated from the principal clause by any stop. A comma is often used when they are joined asyndetically.
Ruths point of view was that he was doing no more than was right. (London)
My opinion is, shed come to me. (Weyman)
Object clauses are not separated from the principal clause by a stop. If the object clause precedes the principal clause, a comma may or may not be used.
The silence was so long and deep that he looked up, wondering why the Padre did not speak. (Voynich)
...and what Browning had done for her, Martin decided-he could do for Ruth. (London)
Attributive clauses.
1. Restrictive relative attributive clauses as a rule are not separated from the principal clause by stops.
You may be sure every smuggler in the Apennines will do for a man who was in the Savigno revolt what he will not do for us. (Voynich)
2. Non-restrictive relative attributive clauses are as a rule separated from the principal clause by a comma.
Tom presented himself before Aunt Polly, who was sitting by an open window. (Twain)
I turned hastily round, and found at my elbow a pretty little girl, who begged to be directed to a certain street at a considerable distance. (Dickens)
3. Continuative attributive clauses are always separated from the principal clause by a comma.
Oliver was frightened at the sight of so many gentlemen, which made him tremble: and the beadle gave him another tap behind, which made him cry. (Dickens)
4. Appositive attributive clauses, are never separated from the principal clause by a stop.
The thought that his adored daughter should learn of that old scandal hurt Ms pride too much. (Galsworthy)
She paused with an uneasy sense that instead of defending Kath she was providing ammunition against her. (Lindsay)
Adverbial clauses.
1. When an adverbial clause follows-the principal clause, no stop is generally used. When it precedes the principal clause, it is separated from it by a comma.
The solicitor addressed me as he descended the stair. (Ch. Bronte)
He sank into a silence so profound that Aunt Hester began to be afraid he had fallen into a trance. (Galsworthy)
He drew the blanket over his head that he might not hear. (Voynich)
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When Phyl called to see how Pearl was getting on, she found her still curled up sulkily in her arm-chair. (Lindsay)
Though I had now extinguished my candle and was laid down in bed, I could not sleep. (Ch. Bronte)
If any shareholder has any question to put, I shall be glad to answer it. (Galsworthy)
2. An adverbial clause of result coming after the principal clause, which is usually the case, is often separated by a comma.
The thicket was as close as a brush; the ground very treacherous, so that we often sank in the most terrifying manner. (Stevenson)
Exercise 1. Define what type the following attributive clauses refer to.
1) I cannot find the letter which you gave me this morning. 2) Yesterday I spoke to a man, who had just returned from an Arctic expedition. 3) The clock which is handing in the hall is slow. 4) The magazine which you lent me is very interesting. 5) This is the book that you need. 6) My father, who was a sailor, often tells me stories about the sea. 7) Yesterday I met an old friend, whom I recognized at once. 8) The garden which is at the back of the house is very small. 9) A man who has no patience cannot play chess well. 10) My son has a German teacher, who knows German perfectly. 11) The street that leads to the theatre is very wide. 12) A man who looks after the books in a library is called a librarian. 13) Is that the man whom they are looking for? 14) The building which you can see over there is very old.
Exercise 2. Translate into Russian language:
1. The reporter spoke very loudly so that the people who were sitting in the last rows could hear him. 2. The secretary put the mail on the table so that the director would look it through. 3. Ill give you these magazines so that you will read a few interesting articles. 4. The father gave his son some money so that he would buy two theatre tickets. 5. He sent them a telegram so that they would be informed of the arrival of the ship in time. 6. Switch on the light so that it will be lighter in the room. 7. Ill leave you my notes so that you can read them before your examination. 8. I put the letter into my text-book so that he should not find it. 9. The children put on masks so that no one should recognize them. 10. We hung out a lantern so that they shouldnt get lost in the mist. 11. The girl hid behind a tree so that her brother would not notice her.
Listening and discussion: The Great Food Experiment
The Great Food Experiment
Greenpeace is campaigning to prevent an immense food 'experiment' being earned out by multinational agro-chemical industries. The mid-1990s have seen the development of new genetically engineered food crops, which are being introduced into world markets with no regard for public concern. Greenpeace is opposed to genetic pollution of natural ecosystems and the unknown risks to human health.
Europe has seen the introduction of genetically engineered soya beans and com, without any kind of labeling to indicate to consumers what they are eating. Soya is used in everything from beer to bread to chocolate. With the entry of the Monsanto soya bean into the UK - genetically engineered to resist a herbicide which Monsanto itself produces - consumers have no way of knowing whether they are eating genetically engineered food or not.
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Greenpeace believes people have the right to know about the foods they eat. While the agro-chemicals industry wants to turn us into guinea pigs in their giant genetic experiment, Greenpeace is campaigning to prevent further releases into the environment and food chain of genetically manipulated organisms.
