1. , , .
, - . , .
1.1. : ( ≤ 8), (18 ≥ ≥ 8), ( ≥ 18) ()
= 0,07(σ + σ) + 0,7γ. (1.1)
, ( ) [1, . 74-103] [4, . 23-59].
1.2. () (. 1), (. 2) (. 3, 4) .
1.3. , (. 5).
. 6. - , . . .
[3, . 228-250] [4, . 83-121].
, .
3.1. :
) (d c, )
d c = d k , (3.1)
d c , ;
k , (f):
| f = 0,1σ | 8-10 | 12-14 | ||||
| k | 1,00 | 1,05 | 1,04 | 1,037-1,031 | 1,030-1,021 | 1,02 |
) (l , )
l = d c k , (3.2)
k (. 7).
) (l , )
(3.3)
h , .
. 
(3.4)
α .
3.2. (l , )
(3.5)
l () (. . 8).
|
|
|
3.3. () (q , /3)
(3.6)
q ( 79/21). , , . 9;
k , (. 10);
k , (. 11);
k α , : k α = 1, k α = 0,930,95.
3.4. (W, )
(3.7)
, /;
(3.8)
∆ , /3 (. . 6);
d , .
3.5.
W ≥ W min, (3.9)
W min Z , ;
(3.10)
α ;
α .
, W < W min, : ) , , (); ) ; ) .
W ≥ W min W, q .
3.6. .
3.6.1. ()
(3.11)
Q = l , .
m
m = a / W. (3.12)
m = 1,11,2; m = 1,01,1; m = 0,851,00.
3.6.2. (b):
, (3.13)
k .
k = 1,0; I-III k = 1,051,10; IV-V k = 1,121,15.
. k .
q (Q )
(3.14)
(3.15)
V , , 3.
, h = 10 , l c = 12 , l = 8 , q = 1 /3, = 31,4 /, W = 5
.
a = W, V = 10∙5∙5 = 250 3, , q = q .
a = 1,2, W = 6 , V = 10∙5∙6 = 300 3, q = 251,2:300 = 0,84 < q .
m =1, 1,01,5 (Q ).
, ,
|
|
|
3. (3.16)
:
) a = W b = W (. . m =1), , . . q = q ;
) a = mW = 1,2 W = 6 , b = 0,85 W = 4,25 , ,
V = 1∙10∙6∙4.25 = 255 3,
q = 251,2:255 = 0,99 /3;
) a = W = 5 , b = 0,85 W = 4,25 , , ,
V = 1∙10∙5∙4,25 = 212,5 3,
q = 251,2:212,5 = 1,189 /3, k V .
3.7. (n c), (n p) .
,
(3.17)
L , .
(), ,
(3.18)
3.8. (). ( ) . [4, . 240-257], [1, . 119-128]. ( ) . 12.
(τ) (W) :
- τ = (56) W, ;
- τ = (34) W, ;
- τ = (2,02,5) W, ;
- τ = = (1,52,0) W, .
τ [1, . 122-124].
-8: 10, 20, 35, 50, 75, 100, 125 .
-: 20, 35, 50 .
-: 20, 30, 45, 60, 80, 100 .
: 0, 17, 25, 42, 67, 109, 176 .
- 75 500 25 .
3.9. :
3.9.1. (
, )
, (3.19)
k 3 , (τ, ) ; τ = kW.
| τ, | ≥ 75 | ||||
| 0,95 | 0,90 | 0,85 | 0,80 |
k , . k = 3,03,5; k = 2,53,0; k = 2,02,5.
3.9.2.
(3.20)
. : ( ); ; ( ) . .
3.9.3.
(3.21)
3.9.4.
, 3. (3.22)
3.9.5. 1
(3.23)
