, , . (line) (channel).
(medium) , , , , , :
();
( -);
.
() - , . . .
. , . , , . ( ) : , ( ), - .
( ) , , , , .
(twisted pair).
- , . (Shielded Twisted Pair, STP), (Unshielded Twisted Pair, UTP).
(coaxial) . , , . , , . , .
- (optical fiber) (5-60 ) ( ), . ( 10 / ) ( ).
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, (, ) , , , , , .
. , , . . , , (Frequency Division Multiplexing, FDM).
. , , , , 2, 3 4 , . , ( - , ). , ,