, , , . , , .
(, , ), , . , , . , , , .
(bridge) ( ), , , .
(switch, switching hub) .
, - , , - , - (router). , , .
- , . .
, , - , . - , , , , , - .
, (Quality of Service, QpS) - - .
. , , . , (, ) . , , , , , 150 . , 5 /, 10 2 . frame relay , .
|
|
- , . . , . :
;
;
.
. , : .
, . , - . - - , .
, . , .
, - , .
, - , 10 1 .
- , .
- . , , , . .
- , . .
, , - , . - , , , , , - .
, (Quality of Service, QpS) - - .
|
|
. , , . , (, ) . , , , , , 150 . , 5 /, 10 2 . frame relay , .
, , .
. , , , . , - . , , , , . .
(availability) , . : , .
, , . . , () , , , .
(security), . , .
(fault tolerance). .
- , . .
, , - , . - , , , , , - .
, (Quality of Service, QpS) - - .
. , , . , (, ) . , , , , , 150 . , 5 /, 10 2 . frame relay , . , - .
|
|
(extensibility) (, , , ), . , . , Ethernet, , , , . - 30-40. (scalability) , , . . , , . .
- , . .
, , - , . - , , , , , - .
, (Quality of Service, QpS) - - .
. , , . , (, ) . , , , , , 150 . , 5 /, 10 2 . frame relay , . (transparency) , , , . Sun Microsystems: - - . - . , , . , , .
|
|
, mashinel: prog.c \\ftp_serv\pub .
- . . .
: , . . , , , , . , , . , , , . .
. , , , , , ( ) .
. , . .
, , , . , , - , , .
, , , , . , , , , . - , .
- . .
. , , . , , .
(. 2.1) , , . (line) (channel).
|
|
: (medium) , , , , .
(. 2.2.):
();
( -);
.
() - , . .
. , : , , , , , .
(twisted pair). (Shielded Twistedpair, STP), , (Unshielded Twistedpair, UTP), . , . (coaxial) , . , - , , . . - (optical fiber) (5-60 ) , . - ( 10 / ) .
.
- .
( DCE - Data Circuit terminating Equipment) , , . . DCE , ISDN, , . DCE , .
, , (00 DTE - Data Terminal Equipment). DTE . .
DCE DTE . , , DTE, , DCE.
. :
;
.
, - - , . .
. , , . - , .
- .
- , , . , . , , , .
, , . .
EIA/TIA-568A, : ANSI, EIA/TIA Underwriters Labs (UL). EIA/TIA-568 EIA/TIA-568 TSB-36 TSB-40A).
ISO/IEC 11801.
EN50173.
. , , 11801 EN50173 , EIA/TAI-568A.
EIA/TIA Underwriters Labs, Anixter. EIA/TIA-568.
, , - IBM.
, ( ).
(Attenuation). .
(Near End Cross Talk, NEXT). .
( ) - ( ) . (, , Ethernet, 50 ). - 100 120 . (100-200 ) .
- . .
- . , , , . , , ( ). .
. - . : . -, - . 150 , ; 150 20 - , , ; 20 1 - , . - , . .
. AWG (American Wire Gauge), , 22 AWG, 24 AWG, 26 AWG. , . , . . , , , , . . , , , , , , . , , NEXT .