1. . . 2. . , . 3. ! ! 4. , . 5. . . . 6. . , . 7. . . 8. . . 9. . , ? 10. . - . 11. . . 12. , . 13. , . 14. , . 15. , . 16. . . 17. , . 18. , . . . 19. . , . , . 20. . .
Ex. 3. Translate using different tenses.
1. Ha . , . 2. . . 3. . 10 , . 4. . , , . 5. ! . 6. 2 . ? 7. , ! . 8. , ? - , . . 9. . ? 10. . - ? 11. , . 12. , . 13. , . 14. , . 15. , . 16. 7 , . 17. , . 18. , , . . 19. . . 20. ? - , . , , .
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2.3. / Passive voice tenses
Passive voice
Voice is the category of the verb which indicates relation of the predicate to the subject and the object.
There are three voices in English: the active voice, the passive voice.
The active voice shows that the person or thing denoted by subject is the doer of the action expressed by the predicate.
The passive voice shows that the person or thing denoted the subject is acted upon.
| Active | Passive | ||||
| Subject | Predicate | Object | Subject | Predicate | Object |
| The storm | damaged | the roof. | The roof | was damaged | by the storm. |
| doer | receiver | doer | receiver |
It is formed with the auxiliary verb to be in the required tense and Past participle (V3) of the main verb.
| PASSIVE VOICE | |||
| Present | Past | Future | |
| Indefinite | am is + V3 are The students are examined each term | was + V3 were The students were examined last month | will + be + V3 The students will be examined next |
| Continuous | am is + being + V3 are The students are being examined in room 10. | was + being + V3 were The students were still being examined when I left. | ---------------------- |
| Perfect | have (has)+been+V3 The students have been examined this month | had + been + V3 The students had been examined by July 15 | Will + have + been + V3 The students will have been examined by July 15 |
Only the verbs which take an object can go into the passive (=transitive verbs). Intransitive verbs cant be used in the Passive Voice.
A feature of English is that a verb in the active form may have a passive meaning. e.g. The cow milks well. The cardigan wears well. The dress washes badly.
The passive is preferred to the active when we are more interested in the action than in the person who does it. It happens in the following cases:
1) when it is not necessary to mention the doer of the action as it is obvious who she/he is/was or will be. e.g. The streets are swept every day.
2) when the speaker doesnt know who did the action or when the doer cannot be named definitely. In such cases the subject of the active sentence would be typically expressed by the noun ― people or by the indefinite pronouns ― one, someone, somebody, they, you. e.g. My car has been moved. =Someone has moved my car. A new public library is being built. =They are building a new public library.
3) when the speaker wants to avoid an awkward or ungrammatical sentence (when the subject of an active sentence consists of a long expression). e.g. Dons decision to give up his job and move to Sydney surprised me. (-) I was surprised by Dons decision to give up his job and move to Sydney. (+)
4) when the speaker wants to disclaim responsibility for disagreeable announcements or when he wants to make a polite statement. e.g. You have opened the letter! (impolite) The letter has been opened. (polite)
The passive is more widely used in formal English and in written English. It is common for official rules, news items, newspaper reports of accidents and crimes, instructions, advertisements, headlines, signs, science and technology, formal explanations.
If we want to say who did the action we introduce the doer by by, the instrument which was used to perform an action is introduced by the preposition with. With is also used to talk about materials and ingredients. e.g. He was accompanied by his friend. The building was lit by lightning. The windows were broken with a baseball bat. He was killed with a knife. Irish coffee is made with whisky. The room was filled with smoke.
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Here is a list of prepositional verbs (A), phrasal verbs (B) and phraseological units (C) to be learnt:
A
1) account for to give an explanation or reason for;
2) arrive at (a decision, conclusion, agreement) to reach, to come to;
3) ask for to make a request for;
4) approve of to consider good, wise, right; disapprove of to consider bad, wrong, unwise;
5) break into to enter by force: to break into a house;
6) call for to demand (e.g. to call for the waiter, to call for the bill); to collect (someone or something); 7. comment on to make a remark, give an opinion;
8) deal with to do business, to trade with;
9) depend on to trust (usually someone);
10) hear from to receive news from someone usually by letter;
11) hear of to know or to hear about (a fact, existence of something or somebody);
12) insist on (upon) to declare firmly (when opposed);
13) interfere with to get in the way of another, to prevent from happening;
14) laugh at to treat as foolish, worthless or an object of fun;
15) listen to to give attention in hearing;
16) look at to give attention in seeing, use the eyes;
17) look after to take care of someone or something;
18) look for to try to find;
19) look into to examine the meaning or causes of something;
20) mock at to laugh at (someone or something) when it is wrong to do so;
21) object to to be against something or someone;
22) provide for to support, supply with necessary things;
23) read to to say printed or written words especially to give pleasure to others;
24) refer to to mention, speak about;
25) rely on to trust someone to do something;
26) send for to give a command, request;
27) shout at to give a loud cry, speak or say very loudly;
28. think highly (well, little, poorly) of someone or something to have a good (bad, etc.) opinion of someone or something;
29) wait for to stay somewhere without doing anything until somebody or something comes or something happens;
30) write to to produce and send (a letter);
e.g. I hope the child will be looked after while the parents are away. She was well provided for in her husbands will. I hate to be shouted at. His foolish behaviour could not be accounted for.
B
1) blow down to fall by blowing;
2) blow out to (cause) stop burning;
3) break down to destroy something, reduce to pieces;
4) bring up to educate and care for the family until grown; to raise or introduce (a subject, a question); 5. call up to order(someone) to join the armed forces;
6) give up to stop believing that someone can be saved especially from death;
7) hold up to delay;
8) knock down to destroy a house by means of blows;
9) let down to cause someone to be disappointed in ones loyalty; to fail to keep a promise t someone; 10. pick on to choose someone to do an unpleasant job or blame someone for something, especially unfairly; to choose something or someone;
11) pick out to choose someone or something carefully; to recognize someone or something in a group of people or things;
12) pick up to lift something up from a surface; to collect someone who is waiting for you or something that you have left somewhere;
13) point out to draw attention to something or someone;
14) pull down to break to pieces and destroy something;
15) pull out to remove by drawing out;
16) put off to move to a later date, to delay;
17) run over (of a vehicle or its driver) to nock down and pass over the top of (esp. a creature);
18) see off to go to the airport, station, etc. with someone who is beginning a trip;
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19) take down to write down; to separate (a large machine or article) into pieces;
e.g. The mail will be picked up a bit later. Their wedding has been put off. The window was blown out by the explosion.
C
1) to do away with to cause to end, abolish;
2) find fault with to complain, perhaps too much or too often;
3) lose sight of to cease to see; to forget;
4) make use of to use well, to take advantage of;
5) make fun of to laugh or cause others to laugh rather unkindly;
6) pay attention to to take notice of;
7) put an end to to stop from happening any more;
8) put up with to accept an unpleasant situation or person without complaining;
9) set fire to to light (something) not really meant to burn, set something on fire;
10) take (good) care of to be responsible for someone or something;
11) take notice of to pay attention to;
e.g. She said something but her words were taken no notice of. This state of affairs will be put an end to. At last the ship was lost sight of. The main purpose of the discussion mustnt be lost sight of.
Exercises: THE PASSIVE VOICE
