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The subjective infinitive construction




(COMPLEX SUBJECT)

(the Nominative-with-the-lnfinitive Construction)

 

The Complex Subject consists of a noun/pronoun (in the nominative case) and the Infinitive. It is considered to be the subject of the sentence, its Russian equivalent is in most cases a subordinate clause.

Laser is known to be used in medicine.

, .

The Complex Subject is used with:

1. thefollowinaaroupsof verbs in the Passive: ♦ denoting sense perception: to see, to hear, to notice, etc. ♦ denoting mental activity: to think, to consider, to believe, to expect, to suppose, to know, etc. 0 The carwas seen to disappear in the distance. , . □ She was heard to laughheartily. , . □ was thought to behonest and kind. . (, ...) □ is considered to have beenone of the most popular writers of his time. , .  
♦ the verbs: to say, to report She is said to be workingat the factory.
(), to order, , .
to ask, to allow, to state □The delegation is reported to have leftMoscow.
(), to announce ,
(). .
2. word groups: to be likely is unlikely to knowher address.
(), to be unlikely { ),
(, ), .
to be certain/to be sure is sure to be askedabout it.
(, , .
, ).  
3. pairs of synonyms: □ They seem to have quite forgottenus already.
to seem/to appear (, , , .
-), to prove/to □ The first experiment proved to bea success.
turn out (), .
to happen/to chance □ Only yesterday we happened to meetthe man.
().
  .
Neaative forms:  
don't seem □ doesn't seem to knowthis subject.
doesn't prove + infinitive , , .
didn't happen □ didn't prove to bea very experienced
  engineer.
  .
  □ didn't happen to bethere at that time.
  ,
  .
is/are not likely + infinitive □ is not likely to cometoday.
  , , .
       

NOTES:

1. The Infinitive in the Complex Subject is used in all its forms and expresses:

a) a simultaneous action

- is said to live in London.

, .

b) an action in progress

□ The water seems to be boiling. , .

c) an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb

□ They are reported to have finished the construction. , .

2. The Infinitive in sentences with the Complex Subject cannot refer to the future except with the verbs and word-groups: to expect, to be sure/certain, to be likely. We are sure to come to the heart of the matter. .

□ He is expected to give us an answer tomorrow. , .

3. If the verbs to prove, to seem/to appear (, ) are followed by adjectives or nouns, the verb to be after them can be omitted.

□ She proved (to be) very clever. .

seems ill.

.

appears an experienced teacher.

.

COMPARE:

seems ill. □ seems to be ill.

. , , .

4. After the verbs in the Passive Voice the Complex Subject is more characteristic of a literary than a colloquial style, except with the verbs to suppose, to expect, to make.

 

PRACTICE





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