, /. , - : e (countables uncountables).
, () , , , : bench, girl, storm, breakfast, departure, illness, joy, wish.
. 1) , , : air, brass, oxygen, sugar ..; 2) , , : greatness, validity, anger, gratitude. - : , .., . , ; , , : the horrors of the war; his rages (= fits of rage) were terrible; the wines of Armenia; the snows of Kilimanjaro.
/ (1.0.4). , . : , .
. , . e. . : a crowd crowds, an army armies. ; : the peasantry, the cavalry, the gentry. , - .
, , , , ; - : The group works well ( ), The group were assigned different tasks ( ); The jury consists of twelve members ( ), The jury were divided concerning the verdict ( ).
pluralia tantum, , , ; pluralia tantum : shorts, scissors, spectacles, trousers (. . , , ).
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1.2.5.2. . , , , /, . , , .
, pluralia tantum, . , (), . ; : , (, ) (attentions, joys) (1.2.5.1).
. - , . , : The badger, for example, builds the most complicated burrow. He , , , , . , , ; , : Badgers build complicated burrows.
1.2.6. . , , .
, , . , , . , , , . , (, ), . , (1.0.4).
: (Common Case) (Possessive Case). , . :,
. . . .
. . the boy the boys
. . the boy's the boys'
; (1.0.1) ; , . : the house was comfortable; the walls of the house; we approached the house; behind the house. house ; , - . , / , , , , , .
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, , , () , , , , : a week's notice; at a mile's distance; a shilling's worth of sugar.1
(. . , . . .). -'s, , . . . -'s , . , . , (1.0.2). , , , , . , .
1 , St. Paul's, at the baker's . ., . . ; , , a week's respite . .
. . . . . , -'s, , , .
-, ; , , : the girl's voice, the dog's bark. : the car's roof, the door's support. : *his action's result.
-, : , (it was not my idea, it was Tom's); , : an idea of Tom's, this idea of Tom's.
-, : . , , : . the boy's room the boys' room. , . . , his mother's voice, the boys' heads, . boy's, boys, boys'. men's, children's, , children . (1.2.5).
, . . , ; -'s , John and Tom's room, the Prime Minister of England's speech, , : somebody else's car.
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. , . , , ( ). : , , - . , : friend's arrival, Shakespeare's sonnets, Ibsen's plays.
; , : the Shakespeare National Theatre, the Ibsen manner.
, ; , , : . the car's roof ' ' the car roof ' () '.
, . . . , , , .
, , . . , , , , ( and Harry's room), , : , , , , , , : the children's voices.
; , , , ó, , . , .
, , , . Ÿ ; . , , .
1.2.7. . . : The dog wagged its tail. I like d g s.
: She is a singer.
, , (. 1.2.6) : a stone wall, the speed limit, the sea breeze. -. (. . ); , . , : stone, n., ., & v. t.; brick, n., . The Concise Oxford Dictionary,
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, , . , : (1.3.3), . . , , , , .
, , stone wall .
1.2.8. . , , (the) (a, an); .
, .
: , . , , . : ; . ; . , , , , , . , , . e. , .
: - this, that, some; . , , . .
. : , ( ). , , (. 1.0.1). , . e. , , , , . e. , . , (a question an important question an urgent important question) (some important question, that question). , : the violence of the storm. , , .
, , . . , , , . , , , . . , , . . , : , . e. , . , , , : CONGRESSMAN MAKES STATEMENT.
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, , /. , , .
, , . , : the leaves, the green leaves; the glossy dark green leaves. : those glossy dark green leaves, its glossy dark leaves...
, . . , ; , , ( ). , : is here he - , is , here , . he, is, here . , , , (). . . , , : , , . .
, .
:
A sharp stinging drizzle fell, billowing into opaque grey sheets... (G. Durrell) Behind the wheel sat a short, barrel-bodied individual... (G. Durrell ) I heard an edge coming into my voice. (Snow) This table was covered with a most substantial tea... (Snow).
;
A notice came round, summoning a college meeting... The meeting was called for 4.30... (Snow) A peasant had tethered his donkey just over the hedge. At regular intervals the beast would throw out its head... (G. Durrell)
. , ; . . . , , . .
,
, , . , . , , . The Masters: "The snow had only just stopped and in the court below my room all sounds were dulled." : "The boys, as they talked to the girls from Marcia lain School, stood on the far side of their bicycles..." (M. Spark. The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie).
, , , :
We walked along Sidney Street in the steady rain. Water was swirling,... in the gutters; except by the walls, the pavements were clear of snow by now, and they mirrored the lights from the lamps and shop-fronts on both sides of the narrow street. (Snow) The large map had been rolled down over the blackboard because they had started the geography lesson. (M. Spark)
, , , , , (), . e. , : The door was open. The doors were open. The child is playing. The children are playing. , , , , : I thought we were going to get a car... (G. Durrell) He said the forests were full of serpents... (G. Durrell). , . . , some, : . I have read a novel by Thackeray I have read some novel's by Thackeray.
, . e. , . . , , (, , - ):
I couldn't help showing the resentment which flared up within me. (Holt) He was immersed in the drama, showing the frankness which embarrassed so many. (Snow)
, - (). :
That will be all for this morning, I said with dignity (Holt). She looked several years younger and there was a new dignity about her. (Holt)
My sympathy was tinged with impatience. (Holt) When I arrived that afternoon it was to find them awaiting me and I sensed a n impatience in them both. (Holt)
, : The (a) nightingale is a singing bird. . , , : An elephant is very dangerous when wounded. . , man (), in summer, in spring . , , , , :
The sun was shining out of a gentian-blue s k y. (G. Durrell) But it was a changed w i n d, a mad, bellowing, hooting wind. (G. Durrell). The shallow sea in the bay... (G. Durrell)
.
; , ; , , , . , , . .
. ( ), :
We had dined with the Qaifes several times before. (Snow ) It was the David Rubin I knew very well. (Snow)
( ):
There have been two telephone calls... And the other was a foreigner, a Mr. H e r l e P i r t. (Christie) Mrs. Gulliver, was that it? But she didn't remember a Mrs. Gulliver. (Christie) A mademoiselle M add was there, I think. (Christie)
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1.2.9. . , . : ; , ; , , , .
, . , , , . -, . , - (. 1.2.5.1). , , : .