285. + .
IV. C , - .
286. H+ + OH- H2O. | 291. SO32- + 2 H+ SO2 + H2O. |
287. Pb2+ + S2- PbS¯. | 292. Pb2+ + CrO42- PbCrO4¯. |
288. ClO- + H+ HClO. | 293. HCO3- + OH- CO32- + H2O. |
289. CO32- + 2H+ CO2 + H2O. | 294. ZnOH+ + H+ Zn2+ + H2O. |
290. CH3COOH + OH- CH3COO- + H2O. | 295. Mg2+ + CO32- MgCO3¯. |
296. Cu2+ + S2- CuS¯. | 306. HCO3- + H+ H2O + CO2. |
297. SiO32- + 2 H+ H2SiO3. | 307. Cu2+ + 2OH- Cu(OH)2¯. |
298. CaCO3 + 2H+ Ca2+ + H2O. | 308. Pb2+ + 2 I- PbI2¯. |
299. Al(OH)3 + OH- [Al(OH)4]-. | 309. Sr2+ + SO42- SrSO4¯. |
300. Pb2+ + 2 I- PbI2¯. | 310. Sr2+ + CO32- SrCO3¯. |
301. Fe(OH)3 + 3H+ Fe3+ + 3H2O. | 311. 2Ag+ + SO42- Ag2SO4¯. |
302. Cd2+ + 2OH- Cd(OH)2¯. | 312. Ba2+ + CO32- BaCO3¯. |
303. H+ + NO2- HNO2. | 313. Cd2+ + 2 OH- Cd(OH)2¯. |
304. Zn2+ + H2S ZnS¯ + 2 H+. | 314. CuOH+ + H+ Cu2+ + H2O. |
305. Ag+ + Cl- AgCl¯. | 315. NH4+ + OH- NH4OH. |
V. .
316. AgNO3 + H2S | 340. CdCl2 + H2S |
317. AgNO3 + K2Cr2O7 | 341. CH3COOAg + H2S |
318. AgNO3 + K2CrO4 | 342. CH3COOH + Ba(OH)2 ... |
319. Al(OH)3 + H2SO4 | 343. CH3COOH + NH4OH |
320. Al2(SO4)3 + AgNO3 | 344. CH3COOK + H2SO4 |
321. AlBr3 + AgNO3 | 345. HCOOK + H2SO4 |
322. AlI3 + AgNO3 | 346. CH3COOPb + Na2CrO4 |
323. Ba(NO3)2 + Cr2(SO4)3 | 347. CH3COOPb + Na2SO4 |
324. Ba(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 | 348. Cr2(SO4)3 + NaOH |
325. Ba(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 | 349. Cr2(SO4)3 + NH4OH |
326. Ba(OH)2 + CO2 | 350. Cu(NO3)2 + Ba(OH)2 |
327. BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 ... | 351. Cu(NO3)2 + H2S |
328. BaCl2 + Na3PO4 | 352. Cu(NO3)2 + Na2S |
329. BaCl2 + CH3COOAg ... | 353. CuSO4 + NaOH |
330. Bi(OH)(NO3)2 + HNO3 | 354. CuSO4 + NH4OH |
331. Ca(NO3)2 + H2C2O4 | 355. CuSO4 + Ba(OH)2 |
332. Ca(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 | 356. Fe(OH)3 + H2SO4 |
333. Ca(NO3)2 + Na3PO4 | 357. Fe2(SO4)3 + NaOH |
334. Ca(OH)2 + CO2 | 358. FeCl3 + KOH |
335. CaCl2 + H2SO4 | 359. FeOHCl2 + HCl ... |
336. CaCO3 + CH3COOH | 360. FeS + HCl |
337. CaCO3 + HCl | 361. H2S + NH4OH ... |
338. CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ... | 362. HCOOK + HNO3 ... |
339. Cd(NO3)2 + Na2S | 363. HF + KOH |
364. Hg(NO3)2 + H2S ... | 385. Na2HPO4 + NaOH |
365. HNO2 + NH4OH | 386. NaHSO4 + NaOH |
366. K2CO3 + H3PO4 | 387. NaHSO4 + Ba(NO3)2 ... |
367. K2CO3 + HCl | 388. NaOH + H2SO3 |
368. KHSO3 + H2SO4 ... | 389. NaOH + H2SO4 |
369. KOH + HCN | 390. NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 ... |
370. KOH + H3PO4 | 391. NH4Cl + NaOH |
371. Mg(NO3)2 + (NH4)2C2O4 ... | 392. NH4Cl + Sr(OH)2 |
372. MgCO3 + HCl | 393. NH4Cl + Ba(OH)2 |
373. MgOHCl + HCl . | 394. Ni(NO3)2 + KOH |
374. MnCl2 + NH4OH | 395. NiSO4 + (NH4)2S |
375. Na2S + H2SO4 | 396. Pb(NO3)2 + Fe2(SO4)3 |
376. Na2S + NiSO4 | 397. Pb(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 |
377. Na2S + CdSO4 | 398. Pb(NO3)2 + KI |
378. Na2SiO3 + H2SO4 | 399. Pb(NO3)2 + Na2S ... |
379. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 | 400. Pb(NO3)2 + NaCl |
380. Na2SO4 + H2SO4 | 401. Sr(NO3)2 + H2SO4 ... |
381. Na2SO4 + Pb(NO3)2 ... | 402. Zn(NO3)2 + KOH |
382. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 | 403. Zn(OH)2 + H2SO4 |
383. NaHCO3 + HCl | 404. Zn(OH)2 + NaOH() ... |
384. NaHCO3 + NaOH ... | 405. Zn(OH)2 + NaOH |
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2.
, . ... : n, l, ml ms. (n, l,ml) , ().
n , , .
l , n -1. l, 0, 1, 2, 3 s -, p -, d -, f -. .
ml , l + l.
m s 1/2.
l n - .
, , , . .
, , . , p - :
: n + l, n . ,
1 s 2 s 2 p 3 s 3 p 4 s 3 d 4 p 5 s 4 d 5 p 6 s 5 d 1(La)4 f
()5 d 6 p 7 s 6 d 1(Ac)5 f ()6 d
: s - s - (, 1 s 2 2 s 1), - p - (, 1 s 22 s 2 2 p 5), d - d - (, 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 4 s 2 3 d 3), f - f - (, 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 4 s 2 3 d 10 4 p 6 5 s 2 4 d 10 5 p 6 6 s 2 4 f 4).
|
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d - f - . , , .. d 10, d 5, f 14, f 7. , , () . , 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 104 p 65 s 24 d 9 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 104 p 65 s 14 d 10.
, ( ) , .. , (¯) (), , . , ( ) , , .. . ( ).
1. .
. 1. 35, 35 . IV , , n, 1; 2 3 . p -, , 4 s -. 4 p - , , 4 p - . , 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 104 p 5.
2. () , .. 4 s -, 4 p - 4 d -.
1, -1 +1.
3. p - d -.
3, +3.
4. p - d -.
5, +5.
5. s - d -.
7, +7.
2. Se-2 Se+4 .
. 1. C (. 1): 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 104 p 4.
2. Se-2 4 p - ( ).
Se-2 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 104 p 6.
3. Se+4 4 p -, :
Se+4 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 104 p 0.
3. , 3 d 6, , .. .
|
|
. 3 d - ... , , 3 d -, .. , 1 s 22 s 22 p 63 s 23 p 64 s 23 d 6.
I. , , , .
1. B, Al, Th. 2. Po, Ba, Lu. 3. Mg, Pm, Be. 4. Br, Co, Hf. 5. C, Tm, As. 6. Nd, Ca, V. 7. Ta, O, Ce. 8. Y, Rb, S. | 9. At, Xe, Lr. 10. Cs, U, H. 11. Cl, Cu, Bi. 12. Na, Ac, Fe. 13. Pb, Ra, Dy. 14. Ag, Re, In. 15. Cd, K, Pa. 16. P, Se, Li. | 17. Yb, Mn, Sn. 18. Mo, La, N. 19. Pu, Ni, Sb. 20. Au, Np, Rn. 21. Cr, Tl, Cm. 22. Si, I, Zr. 23. Tb, Sr, Bk. 24. Fr, Ti, W. | 25. He, Hg, Gd. 26. Pt, Ne, Sm. 27. Ga, Ru, Ho. 28. Sc, Pr, Os. 29. Ar, Ir, Eu. 30. Zn, Rh, Er. 31. Kr, Pd, Am. 32. Ge, Cf, F. |
II. .
33. Li+, C+2. 34. O-2, F-. 35. Na+, N-3. 36. Ca+2, C+4. 37. Al+3, B-3. 38. C-4, Ba+2. 39. S+6, P-3. 40. P+5, Cl-1. | 41. I+5, Fe+3. 42. Be+2, Co+3. 43. Cr+6, Cu+2. 44. I-, P+3. 45. Cr+3, Br+3. 46. Ag+, Sn+4. 47. Zn+2, S-2. 48. K+, Fe+2. | 49. Zr+4, Pb+2. 50. N+5, Br-. 51. Ni+2, Cl+5. 52. Se-2, Cs+. 53. Te-2, Sr+2. 54. Bi+3, Si-4. 55. B+3, Sc+2. 56. Mg+2, Mn+7. | 57. Cd+2, Sn+2. 58. Nb+3, Hg+. 59. Tl+, V+3. 60. Ti+4, Mn+2. 61. Os+3, Au+3. 62. Rb+, Ce+3. 63. Fr+1, Y+3. 64. H+, Re+7. |
III. , . , .. .
65. 4 d 1. 66. 3 d 10. 67. 4 s 13 d 10. 68. 5 d 2. 69. 6 p 2. 70. 6 s 14 f 145 d 10. 71. 4 s 23 d 5. 72. 4 s 13 d 5. | 73. 7 s 26 d 1. 74. 5 d 3. 75. 6s24 f 2. 76. 6 p 1. 77. 5 s 14 d 5. 78. 4 f 3. 79. 6 d 15 f 3. 80. 5 s 24 d 5. | 81. 5 d 8. 82. 5 s 14 d 10. 83. 5 s 24 d 10. 84. 5 s 2. 85. 5 p 3. 86. 6 p 4. 87. 4 d 6. 88. 5 d 6. | 89. 5 f 7. 90. 5 d 6. 91. 5 f 2. 92. 4 d 7. 93. 5 d 14 f 7. 94. 4 f 10. 95. 4 d 8. 96. 5 p 6. |
3.
, . , , . . , 1 6,02×1023 , , , . 6,02×1023 .
,
n , ; N (, , ); N A .
1 M. , ( ) , .
,
n i ; i , , / (. ..).
.
. , , D, , :
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|
.
D , 2 = D ( = 29 /), , 2 = .
. , . 0 (273,15 K), 1 (1,013×105 = 760 . .), , , .
: , , . , 1 . VM. VM = 22,4
.
, , :
,
P , ; V , 3; n , ; m , ; , /; R , R = 8,314 /(×K).
. . , , . .
;
Vi ; S Vi ; ni ; S ni ; xi , ; P .