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By Anna Wilde Mathews And Ron Winslow




 

THE U.S. Food and Drag Administration announced guidelines for the preliminary phases of drug development, including how to manufacture small batches of experimental medicines and conduct very-early-stage studies of such compounds in patients. The moves, unveiled Thursday, are aimed at replenishing the thinning pipeline of new drugs, an agency official said.

Though invisible to patients and investors, the early stages of testing are critical to drug development. The FDA estimates that the work done to prepare a request to allow human tests of an experimental drug currently costs $500,000 to $1 million. Manufacturers may examine thousands of compounds and bring only a few into human tests.

The agency says it wants to encourage drug companies and academic researchers to explore more possible treatments and get better information about them at the beginning of the development process. Last year, the FDA approved 20 new drugs, down from 31 the year before, not including biotech drags.

Early indications on a drug, before it is given to humans, may be misleadingand manufacturers risk tossing away promising treatments before they commit the funds for a large-scale clinical trial. For instance, Pfizer Inc.'s cholesterol reducer Lipitor, now the world's top-selling drug, performed no better in animal tests than one rival already on the market and several others then in advanced human studies. That led officials at the former Warner Lambert Co. to question whether its prospects justified the expense of mounting human studies.

An impassioned plea from the scientist who led the Lipitor development effort persuaded the company to give the drug a try in humans. After that, it took just a handful of healthy volunteers to show that Lipitor was especially effective in lowering cholesterol in humans.

Pipeline

The number of new drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration each year.

The FDA had been expected to issue new manufacturing standards for researchers or companies that are making small batches of experimental drugs, likely in a laboratory setting, according to people with knowledge of the matter.

Up to now, academics would theoretically have to meet the same paperwork and other requirements that a drug company faces when it makes hundreds of thousands of doses of a medicine in a factory. Those formal rules can include requirements that academic researchers often can't meet practically-such as storing each raw ingredient of a drug in a different room, or maintaining two separate laboratories with one dedicated solely to confirming quality measures. It was thought the new guidelines might still require separation of the ingredients for a particular experimental drug made in a lab but wouldn't require different rooms.

Separately, the agency was expected to lay out guidelines for very early stage "exploratory" studies of experimental drugs, according to people with knowledge of the matter. Currently, drag makers do extensive testing, including lots of laboratory and animal studies, before they apply for FDA permission to test medicines in people. Now, the agency is laying out some limited circumstances in which companies could do less researchfor instance, testing the experimental drug in just one kind of animal before asking the FDA if they can do a human study.

But these more flexible requirements would apply only in cases where the human study was very limited likely seven days at most, in a small number of people and the agency would scale the testing requirements to the potential risk of the human studies. For instance, the "exploratory" standards could apply to studies done with very tiny doses.

The new guidelines were expected to possibly draw criticism from patient advocates, as they will likely have the effect of reducing the testing that drag developers do before giving their experimental medicines to humans.


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