1. Novgorod is one of the most ancient cities in Russia. The town was founded in the 10th century, near the Volkhov river and Lake Ilmen. Later it became the Centre of the independent Novgorod Republic.
2. In medieval times Novgorod was one of the greatest art centres in Europe. Its architecture, jewellery, painted icons and decorative art became famous all over the world. In the 1100s Prince Yaroslav the Wise opened the first school in the city. Documents written on birch-bark, found by archaeologists, prove that the citizens of Novgorod had a high level of literacy and culture.
3. Novgorods good geographical position meant that the city was able to establish economic and cultural links with Western Europe. It became a go-between in the trade of Europe with oriental countries.
4. Novgorod is associated with many great people. One of these people is Alexander Nevsky, the famous prince of Novgorod who defeated the Swedes and defended Russia in the 13th century. After this victory he was given the nickname Nevsky because the battle had taken place on the Neva river.
5. Visitors to Novgorod will be fascinated by the cathedral of St. Sophia, the oldest surviving stone monument in Russia, built in 1045, and the Kremlin of Novgorod, which is Russias oldest Kremlin. You can also visit a unique complex of ancient Russian architectural monuments from the 11th to 17th centuries. Novgorod is a beautiful town, full of history and culture.
3.5 Read and complete the dialogue with the phrases given.
a) OK.
b) Yes, it was
c) Red Square and the Kremlin.
d) Of course, we will.
e) You see,
f) Of course not.
g) I see,
h) Spasskaya.
| Misha: Havent you forgotten we are going sightseeing today? Colin: ____(1). What will be the starting point of our sightseeing? Misha: ____(2). I think it is the most interesting place in Moscow. Colin: When was it built? Misha: ____(3), Moscow began with the Kremlin. And it was founded in 1147. Colin: I was told that the Kremlin had been rebuilt many times.Misha: ____(4). Originally the Kremlin was a fortress. | Colin:_____(5), its walls are very high and thick. What is the biggest tower of the Kremlin? Misha: ____(6). It often serves as a symbol of the country. We can hear the bells of the clock on the radio. Colin: Just like Big Ben in London. Can we go inside the Kremlin? Misha: _____(7). Youll see many interesting things there. Colin: _____(8). Lets go. | |||||||
| Grammar: Perfect Tenses | ||||||||
| Active | Passive | |||||||
| to have + Past Participle | to have + been + Past Participle | |||||||
| Present | have built has | have been built has | ||||||
| Past | had built | had been built | ||||||
| Future | will have built | will have been built | ||||||
| They have built a new school. | A new school has been built. | |||||||
| . | . | |||||||
| They had restored the city by 1948. 1948. | The city had been restored by 1948. 1948. | |||||||
| They will have built a new school by the end of the year. . | A new school will have been built by the end of the year. . | |||||||
Note: Present Perfect is used with adverbs: ever (-), never (), just ( ), already (), not yet ( ); with word combinations: this week, this year, today, recently; with prepositions: for ( ), since (, ).
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Translate the sentences into Russian and then back into English.
1.Has Phil found a new job? Yes, he was offered it yesterday. 2.Have you seen John anywhere? Yes, Ive just seen him. 3.Has Ann phoned yet? Yes, she has just phoned. 4.Dont forget to post that letter. Ive already posted it. 5.Shall I pay the waiter? No, Ive already paid him. 6.Have you ever been to Italy? No, Ive never been there. 7.When did they last visit you? They havent visited us since June. 8.When did you last play tennis? I havent played tennis for a long time. 9.Is it a good film? Yes, its the best film Ive ever seen.
