The conquest of England by the Normans began in 1066 with the Battle of Hastings where the English fought against the Normans. The conquest was completed in 1071. Who were the Normans who conquered England? Some 150 years before the conquest of England they came to a part of France, opposite England, a part that we call Normandy. There they adopted the Christian faith, the French language and the Roman law. So they became French. The Normans brought to England the French language.
After the Norman Conquest there were 3 languages in England. There was Latin, the language of church and the language, in which all learned men wrote and spoke. There was French, the language, which kings and nobles spoke. And finally, there was the English language, which remained the language of the masses of the people. The role of the Norman Conquest was great for the development of feudalism and monarchy in Britain.
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Task 2
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The WTO regulates international trade.
The World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization designed to supervise and liberalize international trade. The WTO came into being on 1 January 1995.
The WTO deals with the rules of trade between nations at a near-global level; it is responsible for negotiating and implementing new trade agreements. The WTO's stated goal is to improve the welfare of the people of its member countries, specifically by lowering trade barriers and providing a platform for negotiation of trade. Its main mission is to ensure that trade flows as freely as possible.
The WTO has 153 members, which represents more than 95% of total world trade. The WTO is governed by a Ministerial Conference, which meets every two years; a General Council, which implements the conference's policy and is responsible for day-to-day administration; and a director-general, who is appointed by the Ministerial Conference. The WTO's headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland.
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Task 3
In the 20th century the travelers don`t use :
Travelling
The main purpose of traveling is studying the way of life, cultures of other people, observing people's relationships, different historical monuments and many-many other. Traveling also is a splendid way of communication and making new friends because we are more alike than unalike. Perhaps the great disadvantage of tour-programs is the thing that we are allowed to see only what the organizers want us to see and no more. That makes, somehow, our opinion traditional and narrow. We have no opportunity to formulate our own opinion according to our experience. The sad thing about this situation is that it leads to the persistence of national stereotype. We don't see the people of other nations as they really are, but as we have been made up to believe they are. We are all similar to each other but at the same time unique.
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When anthropologists turn their attention to the 20th century they will surely choose the label "Legless Man". The future history books might also record that we didn't use our eyes. In our hurry to get from one place to another we failed to see anything on the way. Air travel gives you a bird's-eye view of the world. Car drivers in particular never want to stop. When you travel at high speeds the present means nothing: you live mainly in the future, because you spend most of your time looking forward to arriving at some other place. But actual arrival when it's achieved is meaningless. You want to move on again.
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1. cars and buses.
2. tour-programs.
3. their legs and eyes.
4. historical monuments.
Term 3
Task 1
Canada is a vast country :
Canada
Canada is a vast country, bigger than the United States, bigger than the continent of Australia. It is in fact one of the world's largest countries. Its area is about 10 mln sq km. As Canada extends for thousands of miles from the Arctic Ocean to the United States and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, all kinds of weather conditions and scenery are to be found there. The population of Canada is 29 mln people. The capital is Ottawa; the main cities are Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.
The word Canada comes from one of the Red Indian languages - "Kannata", meaning "a number of huts". Canada is often called the "Land of the Maple Leaf". The maple leaf is the national emblem of Canada.
The story of Canada goes back over 400 years. The French were the first settlers to this country. In 1759 Canada became part of the British Empire. In 1931 was Independence from Britain.
Today Canada is an independent federative state, consisting of 10 provinces and 2 territories. It is a member of the Commonwealth, headed by the Queen of Great Britain. The two official languages are English and French. But many other languages are spoken: Italian, Chinese, German, Polish and Greek.
Canada is a country with a very high standard of living. This country is particularly advanced in the areas of health, education, social protection and human rights.
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Task 2
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