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FOOD

Customs and traditions always held by the Englishman are present in his eating. He is used to certain foods and never tires of them.

There are four meals a day in English home: breakfast, lunch, tea, and dinner.

Breakfast is the first meal of the day. It is about 8 o'clock in the morning, and consists of porridge with milk rarely with cream and salt or sugar, cornflakes, eggs boiled or fried, bread and butter with marmalade or jam, bacon or sausage, or liver, or cold ham, toasts. Breakfast toasts in England are traditionally cold. Some people like to drink tea, but others prefer coffee, though tea is part and parcel of British life. Instead of porridge they may have fruit juice, or they may prefer biscuits. The midday meal is called lunch. The usual time for lunch is 1 p.m. This meal starts with soup or fruit juice. Then follows some meat or poultry with potatoes - boiled or fried, carrots, cabbage, cauliflower, and peas. Meat is rather expensive in Britain. Rice and macaroni are seldom served. Then a pudding comes. Instead of pudding they may prefer cheese and biscuits. Last of all coffee - black or white. Englishmen often drink something at lunch. Water is usually on the table, but some prefer juice or lemonade.

Tea is the third meal of the day. It is between 4 and 5 p.m. the so-called 5 o'clock tea or high tea; it is also a substantial meal and is eaten by families, which do not usually have a late dinner. On the table there is tea, milk or cream, sugar, bread and butter, cakes and jam. In well-to-do families it consists of ham or tongue, tomatoes and salad or a kipper, followed by fruit: pears, apricots, pineapples, strong tea with cream and a cake. Friends and visitors are often available at tea. Tea making in England is an art.

Dinner is the fourth meal of the day. The usual time is about 7 p.m. and all the members of the family sit down together. Dinner consists of soup, fish or meat with

vegetables, potatoes, green peas, carrots and cabbage, sweet pudding, fruit salad, ice-cream or cheese and biscuits. Then after a talk they have black or white coffee.

Sunday dinner is a special occasion, (week-end). Beef or lamb are brought and eaten hot with vegetables. After this a large heavy pudding with custard will probably follow. Dessert may consist of fruit or many varieties of pies and tarts. They are eaten hot or cold.

) There is the order of meals among English families. But the greater part of the people in the towns, and nearly all country-people, have dinner in the middle of the day instead of lunch. They have tea a little later between five thirty or six-thirty, and then in the evening, before going to bed, they have supper.

So, the four meals of the day are either breakfast, dinner, tea, supper or breakfast, lunch, tea, dinner.

Legend about tea and coffee

Coffee and tea were not known in Europe three hundred years ago. People were afraid to drink them because they thought coffee or tea could kill a person. Once a King of Sweden decided to find out whether it was true or not. At that time there were two young brothers in prison. They were twins and were very much alike. They had committed a crime and had been sentenced to death. The King said: "I'll let them live but they must drink coffee or tea to the end of their lives. One must drink tea and the other coffee". Very soon the King died. Both brothers lived for many years. So, the length of the life does not depend upon drinking either coffee or tea.

In the days of Elizabeth beer was the normal breakfast liquid. By 1700 the English became a tea-drinking nation. The English are famous for the amount of tea they drink, "a nice cup of tea" is one of the most commonly heard phrases in Britain.

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Most of English people drink their tea, but give little thought to what actually happens when they pour water over tea leaves.

Three of substances contained in the tea leaves come out of the leaves into the water. Theoflavins give the tea its color, theorubigins affect its taste and caffeine makes tea a stimulant.

Scientific research confirms that using water, which is as near boiling point as possible gives the best cup of tea since it brings out more of all those substances from the tea leaves. But, however, hot water will always take a few minutes for the process to be completed. The hostess first of all must rinse the tea-pot with boiling water (this is called "warming the pot") before adding several tea-spoons of tea.

The amount of tea varies, of course, according to the number of the people present plus one spoonful for the tea-pot. The pot is then filled to allow the tea to infuse or draw for five minutes English people seldom put lemon juice or rum in their tea.

No self-respecting Briton would drink tea, which has not been made in a teapot in a civilized way.

Why the Britons became addicted to tea when continentals favoured coffee is a mystery as yet unexplained.

 

JOKES ABOUT TEA

The English know how to make tea and what it does.

Seven cups of it wake you up in the morning. Nine cups will put you to sleep at night.

If you drink it in the afternoon, it will relax you for thoughts. Ifyouarehot. tea will cool you off.
Then of course you should drink a lot of it in off-hours. If you are cold, it will warm you up.

The taste of good tea is very simple. If a spoon stands up in a cup, it is strong. If a spoon starts to wobble, it is weak.

 

BRITISH EDUCATION

British education has many critics and much of the criticism has a political basis. The system is supposed to provide equality of opportunity for all, but it has some inequality.

The Education Act of 1944 was based on the philosophy that every child is to be educated according to his age, ability and aptitude. It places responsibility for carrying out this task on the shoulders of the school and the parents.

Now, there are about 12 million children and young people in full-time attendance at schools, colleges and universities. The great majority of schools are publicly provided or aided.

In Britain education is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 15. The academic year begins after the summer holidays and is divided into three "terms", with the intervals between them formed by the Christmas and Easter holidays.

Day schools mostly work from Monday to Friday only, from about 9 a.m. to between 3 and 4 p.m. Lunch is provided and parents pay for it. 28% of all children stay at school

 

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beyond the age of fifteen, only 8 % of unskilled worker's children do so and only 1 % of children of unskilled workers receive full-time education beyond the age of eighteen, in comparison with 34 % of children of people in the professional class. This situation was generally regarded as unsatisfactory.

 

TRADITIONS

Some British customs and traditions are famous all over the world. Britain hats, tea, talking about the weather for example. From Scotland to Cornwall, Britain is full of customs and traditions. A lot of them have very long histories. Some are funny and some are strange. But all of them are interesting. They are all part and parcel of the British way of life.

One of the traditions is the "Trooping of the Color".

The Queen is the only person in Britain with two birthdays. Her real birthday is on April 21st but she has an "official" birthday. It is on the second Saturday in June. And on the Queen's official birthday, there is a traditional ceremony called "The Trooping of the Color". It is a big parade with brass bands and hundreds of soldiers at Horse Guard's Parade in London, a "regiment" of Queen's soldiers, the Guards trooping the colour, march in front of her. At the front of the parade is the regiment's flag or "color". Thousands of Londoners and visitors watch Horse Guard's Parade, and millions of people watch it on television at home.

The changing of the Guard. This happens every day at Buckingham Palace, the Queen's home soldiers stand in front of the Palace. Each morning these soldiers (the "guard") change. One group leaves and another arrives. In summer and winter tourists stand outside the palace at 11.30 every morning and watch the Changing of the Guard.

The state opening of Parliament. Parliament, not the Royal Family, controls modern Britain. But traditionally the Queen opens Parliament every autumn. She travels in a golden carriage, the first Irish state Coach. In the Houses of Parliament the Queen sits on a "throne" in the House of Lords and reads the "Queen's Speech".

The Queen's Christmas speech. Now here's a modern royal custom. On Christmas Day at 300 in the afternoon, the Queen makes a speech on radio and TV. It's ten minutes long. In it she talks to the people of the United Kingdom. It was filmed a few weeks before. The Queen spends Christmas with her family in Windsor.

Lord Mayor's Show. The Lord Mayor of London is chosen every year in November. The new Mayor travels in a golden coach through the city. He goes from the Mansion House to the Royal Courts of Justice in the Strand street.

The Tower of London. It was the custom for each monarch to lodge in the Tower before his coronation. The oldest military ceremony in the world is the Ceremony of the Keys, which has taken place every night at the Tower of London, for more than 700 years. At seven minutes to ten, sergeant of the guards with the Keys accompanied by four soldiers dressed in uniform and carrying rifles appears in turn at the four main towers.

A soldier who keeps watch (sentry) shouts "Halt. Who comes there?" The sergeant says: "The Keys". "Whose Keys"? "Queen Elizabeth's Keys". "Pass, Queen Elizabeth's Keys" - says the sentry. Then the escort of the Keys passes through the archway.

 

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DOMESTIC TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS

 

There are lots of domestic customs, which go centuries back. There is the English custom of afternoon tea. It is about 300 years old. The British drink their 5 o'clock tea round the fire in winter and out in gardens on sunny summer's days.

Another tradition is sitting at a fire-place, which is found in every home. For many months of the year they like to sit round the fire and watch the dancing flames. Above the fire-place there is usually a shelf, on which there is often a clock and framed pictures.

Pubs are an important part of British life. People talk, eat, drink, meet friends and relax and listen to good music. They are open at lunch time and again in the evening but they close at 11 p.m.

The word "pub" is short for "public house". Pubs always serve food and beer. British people sometimes lift their glasses before they drink and say "cheers!" This means "Good luck!" Pubs' names often have a long tradition. Some come from thirteenth or fourteenth century.

Shaking Hands. Hundreds of years ago soldiers began this custom. They shook hands to show that they did not have a sword. Now, shaking hands is a custom. In Britain they don't shake hands with friends and family. But one must shake hands when one meets a person for the first time.

Parties. It's the custom to have a party to celebrate a person's birthday, new house, an engagement, a wedding, Christmas and New Years Eve. "Happy Birthday to you" song is known all over the world.

Talking about the weather. The British talk about the weather a lot. They talk about the weather because it changes often.

Advertizing. The British like advertizing and some of them depend on it in their daily lives. There are many ways for ads. Ads are carried by newspapers, magazines. Products are announced on TV and radio. TV and radio ads are called "commercials". Even short films and video-films are produced for ads. Consumers often fall victims to ads. People buy well-advertised products, but they are not always good.

Snow on Christmas cards is according to traditions. Nowadays, a white Christmas snow on 25 December is rare on the British Isles. More usually it's "a green Christmas" - no snow and little or no frost. Through the centuries winters in the British Isles have become gradually milder.

New Year Resolutions. What are your worst faults? Do you want to change them? What are your wishes? In Britain a lot of people make New Year Resolutions on the evening of December 31 st. For example, "I'll get up early every morning", Til not smoke any more", "I'll clean my shoes every day", "I'll not read while eating", "I will not eat cakes and ice-cream". But there is a problem Most people forget their New Year Resolutions on January 2nd.

 

 

TRADITIONS IN FOOD

In a real English breakfast one may have boiled or fried eggs, bacon, sausage, tomato and mushrooms. Then there is a toast and "marmalade". There is an interesting story about the word " marmalade". It may has come from the French "Marie est malade", or "Mary is ill". That is because in 17th century Queen of Scotland, Mary Queen of Scots, liked it. She always asked for French orange jam when she was ill.

Roast beef and Yorkshire Pudding are eaten for lunch. It is a traditional Sunday lunch from Yorkshire. Pudding is not sweet. It's a simple mixture of eggs, flour, and milk, but it's

 

 

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delicious. Two common vegetables with a roast beef and Yorkshire Pudding are Brussels sprouts and carrots, and a thick brown sauce.

Pancakes are eaten by British people on Shrove Tuesday in February or March. For pancakes you need flour, eggs and milk. And then they are eaten hot with sweet sugar and lemon or savoury filling.

Every year Scots people all over the world remember famous poet Robert Burns (they call him Rabbie). They read his poems and eat haggis. It is a traditional food made of meat, onions, flour, salt and pepper. The haggis is boiled in the skin from a sheep's stomach. Tea is not only a drink. It's also a meal in the afternoon. But one can eat it with cucumber sandwiches and scones. Scones are plain cakes. One may eat cream and chocolate cakes too.

Christmas pudding. Some people make these puddings months before Christmas. A lot of families have their own Christmas pudding recipes. Some, for example, use a lot of brandy, others put in a lot of fruit or add a silver coin for good luck. Real Christmas puddings always have a piece of holly on the top for decoration also, some people pour brandy over the pudding and light it with a match.

Hot cross buns is an English Easter tradition. The first Christians in Rome made hot cross buns 2000 years ago. Britain is changing together with the rest of the world, but traditions and customs are not changed.

 

 

ETIQUETTE

Englishmen are naturally polite and are never tired in saying: "Thank you", "I am sorry", "I beg your pardon".

If he follows anyone, who is entering a building or a room, he will hold a door open and they have saying "Ladies first".

Gentlemen always shake hands when they are introduced to each other even if they have to cross a room to do so. Ladies rarely shake hands, when introduced. When a gentleman is introduced to a lady, she generally smiles, bows slightly and says, "How do you do!" It is her place to offer her hand or not, as she chooses. There is a wide distance between rudeness and reserve. One can be polite and at the same time reserved of matters.

Nearly all rules of English etiquette are to a certain degree elastic. For example, on formal occasions a hostess always stands at the door and a host nearby. Both shake hands with every arrival. On informal occasions they both rise and go forward to greet each guest.

When a visitor is ready to leave he or she simply stands but must not attract the attention of everybody because his (her) going must suggest leaving to others and so start breaking up of a party. She (he) must simply look for the host or the hostess and say good-bye.

English people don't like displaying their emotions of joy, sorrow. They seem to remain cheerful under difficulties.

 

 

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They are taught from childhood not to rush for seats in busses and trains, but take queues at bus stops in a quiet and orderly manner. Parents teach their children to sit gracefully.

No lady should cross her knees when wearing knee-length skirts. An arm akimbo is not a graceful attitude nor is twisted spine. The proper way for a lady is to sit in the centre of her chair or slightly sideways in the corner of a sofa. She may lean back, of course, and easily her hands relaxed in her lap, her knees together or if crossed her foot must not be hooked around the chair leg in a vine fashion.

A gentleman may even on very formal occasions lean against the back of his chair, but he must give the appearance of sitting on a chair not lying at ease on a sofa.

People should be taught how to wear clothes. Fashion has the power to appear temporarily, but there is one unchanging principle which must be followed by everyone who would be well dressed suitably and not being dressed to a minute and following every turn of the latest fashion blindly. Vulgar clothes are those which are too exaggerated in style or have accessories out of harmony with the dress and the wearer.

All rules of table manners are made to avoid ugliness. To let anyone see what you have in your mouth is offensive; so is to make a noise, to make a mess is disgusting. Elbows are never put on the table while one is eating. There are others table don'ts. Don't encircle a plate with the left arm while eating with the right hand. Don't push back your plate when finished. Don't lean back and announce, "I am through". The fact that you have put your fork and spoon down shows that you have finished. Don't ever put liquid into your mouth if it is already filled with food. Don't wait until all plates are served, after a few guests have been served, it is perfectly all right to start eating.

If food has been taken into your mouth, no matter how you hate it, you must swallow it. It is offensive to take anything out of your mouth that has been put in it, except dry fish bones and equally dry fruit seeds.

Peaches and other very juicy fruits are peeled and then eaten with the knife and fork, but dry fruits such as apples may be cut and then eaten with fingers. Never wipe hands that have fruit juice on them on a napkin without first using a finger-bowl, because fruit juices leave stains. All juicy or soft fruit or cake is best eaten with a fork or a spoon without getting it all over your fingers. Napkins should match the table linen and lunch napkins must be much smaller than dinner ones.

The bread and butter plate must be put at the left side of each plate just above the forks. They are always removed immediately before dessert with salt-cellars and pepper-boxes. There are a lot of table manners and children are taught by their mothers every day. Teachers explain the order of the lunches service, afternoon teas without dancing and other afternoon parties, parties in the garden, how to set the table and the places and so on and so forth.

 

 

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