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float double. - 4 8 , . . :

4.2. .
()
float   3.40282347e+38f; 1.40239846e-45f
double   1.79769313486231570e+308; 4.94065645841246544e-324

, . , . , , , overflow. , , underflow.

// float f = 1e40f; // , overflowdouble d = 1e-350; // , underflow

, F f, float. double, D d.

:

  • ( )
    • <, <=, >, >=
    • ==,!=
  • ( )
    • + -
    • +, -, *, /, %
    • ( ): ++ --
  • ?:
  • +

, ( % , ++ -- ). , . , .

overflow underflow. , Java . , . , . , .

. IEEE 754 3:

  • (positive/negative infinity);
  • " ", Not-a-Number, NaN;
  • .

float, double.

:

1f/0f // , // float-1d/0d // , // double

Float Double POSITIVE_INFINITY NEGATIVE_INFINITY. , .

NaN , , :

0.0/0.0 // (1.0/0.0)*0.0 //

NaN Float Double.

:

0.0 // // +0.0 // +, - // -0.0 // -, - //

. , . +0.0 -0.0 , 0.0==-0.0 , 0.0>-0.0 . , , 1.0/0.0 , 1.0/-0.0 .

- NaN. NaN, false ( != true). , x, x!=x , NaN.

. (overflow), .

print(1e20f*1e20f);print(-1e200*1e200);

:

Infinity-Infinity

, , (underflow), . , :

print(1e-40f/1e10f); // underflow floatprint(-1e-300/1e100); // underflow doublefloat f=1e-6f;print(f);f+=0.002f;print(f);f+=3;print(f);f+=4000;print(f);

:

0.0-0.0 1.0E-60.0020013.0020014003.002

, 6- .

( Java):

double d = 1e-305 * Math.PI;print(d);for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)print(d /= 100000);

:

3.141592653589793E-3053.1415926535898E-3103.141592653E-3153.142E-3200.0

, , , (overflow) (underflow) , (. 3). , .

. double, double. 64 .

double , float, float, 32 float.

, . NaN, NaN.

:

print(1/2);print(1/2.);

:

00.5

, .

:

int x=3;int y=5;print (x/y);print((double)x/y);print(1.0*x/y);

:

00.60.6

, . , . ( ), ( ).

, .

-, . , 3.84 3, -3.84 -3. Math.round().

-, int float long float double , , , . :

long l=111111111111L;float f = l;l = (long) f;print(l);

:

111111110656

float , long float .

- (wrapper classes). float double Float Double. . , .

, Math , , , , . PI E.

boolean, true false. .

:

  • ( )
    • ==,!=
  • ( )
    • !
    • &, |, ^
    • &&, ||
  • ?:
  • +

&& || . ?: boolean. , .

"true" "false" .

, , if.

. , ( ), x!=0. boolean ref!=null.

, null, , JVM.

(object) , . . , , . , .

new, new ( , ). , . ( ), , , . , Point, new Point (3,5) Point, int. , . , Point:

class Point { int x, y; /** * 2 , * . */ Point (int newx, int newy){ x=newx; y=newy; }}

, new . , - . JVM . , , (garbage collector). "" .

Point p=new Point(1,2); // , Point p1=p; // 2 (1,2)p=new Point(3,4); // (1,2)p1=null;

- (1,2) , .

new. String. , . +, , new.

:

"abc"+"def"

String. , .

Java. . , , , . , , , .

, Java 1.1 reflection, , , . new, , , , . :

Point p = null;try { // , // Point, // newp=(Point)Class.forName("Point").newInstance(); } catch (Exception e) { // System.out.println(e);}

"", . , , , . , . , Parent Child:

// Parentclass Parent {} // Child // Parentclass Child extends Parent {}

- . :

Parent p = new Child();

Parent , Child.

:

  • instanceof ( )
  • == != ( )
  • ?:
  • +

. . (). .

instanceof, , . . , , . :

Parent p = new Child();// p Parent// Childprint(p instanceof Child);

true. , instanceof , , . , . :

// // Childclass ChildOfChild extends Child { }

:

Parent p = new ChildOfChild();print(p instanceof Child);

Parent, , ChildOfChild. instanceof Parent Child, , . , true, , , Child.

:

class Child2 extends Parent {}

Parent:

Parent p=new Child();print(p instanceof Child);print(p instanceof Child2);

p Parent, , Child Child2. instanceof :

truefalse

, null, instanceof false.

Java instanceof.

== != ( ) . . . , Java, . , , true , .

Point p1=new Point(2,3);Point p2=p1;Point p3=new Point(2,3);print(p1==p2);print(p1==p3);

:

truefalse

, p2 , p1. , , p3 - . , new.

== null, , false. null, true.

equals, . , :

String s = "abc";s=s+1;print(s.equals("abc1"));

?: , . .

, . null, "null". , ( , toString()) , , .

Object

Java . . , , . , , Object. , . , , , Object. , ( Object ), .

.

getClass()

Class, , . Class . getName(), :

String s = "abc";Class cl=s.getClass();System.out.println(cl.getName());

:

java.lang.String

instanceof, getClass() , .

equals()

Object boolean. , equals() , . , , .

Point p1=new Point(2,3);Point p2=new Point(2,3);print(p1.equals(p2));

false.

Object , , , equals . ( ). , Point :

public boolean equals(Object o) { // , // // Point if (o instanceof Point) { // , // Point p = (Point)o; // // return p.x==x && p.y==y; } // Point, // false return false;}

hashCode()

int. hashCode() . - ( Java , ). , , -, , , , , ( equals() true), -.

Object JVM. -, .

toString()

. , . Object , toString(), :

getClass().getName()+"@"+hashCode()

getName() Class , - .

:

print(new Object());

:

java.lang.Object@92d342

, , -, , .

, .

finalize()

(garbage collector). Object , - , , , , .. , . , .

finalize() , . JVM .

String

, String Java . new. String, ( null), .

, , , .

. , , , -, .

String s="a";s="b";

, String.

, Java, .

-, , .

String s1 = "abc";String s2 = "abc";String s3 = "a"+"bc";print(s1==s2);print(s1==s3);

:

truetrue

, , , .

, , :

String s1="abc";String s2="ab";print(s1==(s2+"c"));

false, .

String intern(), - , . s1 s2 s1.equals(s2), s1.intern()==s2.intern().

, equals() hashCode(). toString() -, s String, null, s==s.toString().

Class

, , .

Class Java. JVM .class, , Class, .

,

Point p=new Point(1,2);

, :

  1. Point, (1,2);
  2. Class, Point;
  3. Class, Object. Point Object, ;
  4. Class, Class. Java-, .

Class getClass() Object. :

Class cl=p.getClass(); // 2 Class cl2=cl.getClass(); // 4 Class cl3=cl2.getClass(); // 4

cl2==cl3 .

Class reflection.

, Java , ( , ..).

. , . , :

  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • , ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • instanceof;
  • ;
  • , import - ..

. Java , . .

Java 1.5 (templates), , .

, Java , . , .

Java , , (8 ) (). . . null, . JVM .

. , . . final.

, , . , . , .

, , , instanceof. Java Object, Class, String.

 

 

 

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