1. .
2. .
3. . .
. , , , . (.4-2). ( ) (business cycle) , . , . :
(peak), ;
(trough), ( ) .4-2.
() peak ()
peak Y* trend
peak trend
Y.
trough
trough I IV
() ()
(.4-2 ()):
(recession), . (depression). 1929-1933 .
(recovery), .
,
(.4.2()), , , - , ( ) :
I (boom), . ( , ) . (, , ). (overheated economy);
(recession slump). ( ), , , , ;
(crisis) (stagnation). , . , .. ;
IV . , , , , .
: ; , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; . .
|
|
, . : ( , ); ( , - ).
, , , ( ) (.4.3()).
, , .. , . , . . , , .. . ( , ), , , . , , . - ( ). , , ( , , , - , ). - ( ) . ( , ). . , , , .. ( .4-3() Y1, 0 1).
, ( ) :
-
, , , . , , , , ;
- , ,
, , , .. .
|
|
, , , . , , , . , , . , ( ) . . , .. . , ( ) . . . . , . , , (Y2 .4.3()), . , . ( ).
.4-3 AD-AS
() LRAS () LRAS
SRAS SRAS1
2
0 1 SRAS0
1 AD2
AD 0 SRAS2
AD1 2
AD
Y1 Y* Y2 Y Y1 Y* Y2 Y
.4-3 AD-AS (.4-3). .4-3() , ( ), .4-3 () ( ).
, ( ), , , ( , , , , , , , .) , (.4-3 ()). - ( Y* Y1) ( 0 1). , ( SRAS1 SRAS0).
(rate of growth g), :
g = [(Yt Yt 1) / Yt 1 ] x 100%
Yt , Yt 1 . , ( ) , .. (growth), . , , , , . , .. () , , , .. .
:
, ( , , , , , , );
, ( , );
|
|
, , ( ).
:
, ;
, 50-70 .., . , , . 1873 , 1929-1933 , 1974-1975 ;
, 10-12 . 1825 ., 1856 . . . IX XX (), 10-12 . ;
2-3 . .
. , , , : , , ( ), - .
. , ( ). , ( , , , ), (, )