Health care institutions.
1. A medical facilities includes small clinics,large hospitals with emergency rooms and trauma centers.
2. The number and quality of medical facilities depends on area's prosperity of life.
3. A clinic can be privately operated or public managed and funded and deals with the primary health care needs of population in local communities.
4. Hospitals specialize in treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.
5. Some clinics are associated with a hospital or medical schools.
6. Specialized hospitals include trauma centers, rehabilitation hospitals, children's hospitals,senior hospitals.
7. Some hospitals deals with psychiatric, cardiac, oncology or orthopedic problems.
8. Some hospitals are affiliated with universities for medical research and some of them teaching hospitals are training centers of medical persons.
9. Most of hospitals are funded by governments or charities and some of them are funded by health organizations,health insurance companies.
10. Any hospital has specialized staff and equipment.
11. The word Hospitalmeans places of hospitality.
12. For example, The Royal Hospital Chealsea was established in 1681 as a retirement and nursing home for veterans
13. Outpatients go to a hospital for diagnosis,treatment,therapy but they don't stay there overnight.
14. Inpatients means that the patient needs prolonged treating or monitoring of procedures during recovery process.
15. Inpatients stay there overnight or for several days or weeks.
16. Hospitals may have acute services.
General Practitioner in the United Kingdom
A general practitioner (GP) is a medical practitioner who treats acute and chronic illnesses and provides preventive care and health education for all ages and all sexes.
In the United Kingdom, doctors wishing to become GPs take at least 5 years training after medical school, leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery.
During the GP specialty training program, the medical practitioner must complete a variety of assessments in order to be allowed to practice independently as a GP.
The majority of GPs receive most of their income from the National Health Service.
GPs in the United Kingdom may operate in community health centres.
Visits to GP surgeries are free in all parts of the United Kingdom.
THE main methods of patient work-up
1. 1.X-radiation(X-ray)is a form up of electromagnetic radiation.
2. Basic methods are photographic plates,photographic film in cassettes, and rare earth screens.
3. May be used for: to detect pathology(gallstones or kidney stones) and as radiation therapy for cancer.
4. The CT scanner is a large box-like machine with a short tunnel in the center.
5. Patient lies on a narrow examination table that slides into and out of tunnel.
6. X-ray tube and electronic detectors are located in a gantry,that rotate around the patient.
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7. The computer workstation(scanner and monitors)is located in a contol room.
8. The CT scanning work like X-ray examination.
9. Body parts absorb the X-ray differently.
10. CT scanners can scan through large section in a few seconds.
11. Intravenous contrast injection usually lasts only 10 to 30 seconds.
12. Ultrasound examination uses high frequency sound waves. It doesn't use ionizing radiation.
13. It is cheap, quick, non -invasive procedure
it is used to determine the size of the baby,identify some abnormalities and diseases.
14.An endoscopy is a procedure allows to identify the function of vital organs using endoscope.
1. An Endoscope is a flexible tube with light source.
2. It helps to identify dysfunctions and growths.
3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging is safer than X-ray cause it doesn't use radiation.
4. It better than CT because the image is more detailed and physicians can take the image at any angle.
5. It is used for taking images of the brain and nervous system, in oncology, diagnosis of injuries to muscles, ligaments, It is used to detect difficult illness put the MRI at the forefront of the battle against many diseases.
Therapy
Therapy is the remediation of a health problem, usually following a diagnosis. It is synonymous with the word "treatment".
Conservative treatment is performed by chemical, physical and biological methods. Physical conservative treatments include physical therapy, massage and exercise therapy. In most cases, these methods are complementary. Physical therapy techniques include effects on the body by means of radiotherapy, magnetotherapy, laser therapy.
Physical therapy is performed by a physical therapist (PT) or physiotherapist (PHT). PTs are healthcare professionals who diagnose and treat individuals, who have medical problems, illnesses, or injuries that limit their abilities to move.
Surgery. Traumatology
Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury. An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure, operation, or simply surgery. A surgeon is a person who practices surgery. A surgery can last from minutes to hours.
Traumatology (from Greek "Trauma" meaning injury or wound) is the study of wounds and injuries caused by accidents or violence to a person, and the surgical therapy. Traumatology is a branch of medicine. Traumatology may also be known as accident surgery.
Neurology
Neurology is the subspecialty of medicine that deals with the scientific study of the structure and functioning of the nervous system, including the diagnosis and management of its diseases. Nervous system includes brain, spinal column, muscles, nerves, nerve roots etc.
A neurologist is a medical doctor with specialized training in diagnosing, treating and managing disorders of the brain and nervous system. Common neurological disorders include: Alzheimer's disease, headache, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, sleep disorders, brain and spinal cord injuries, brain tumors.
Neurologists can recommend surgical treatment, but do not perform surgery. Neurosurgeons are medical doctors who specialize in performing surgical treatments of the brain or nervous system.
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Obstetrics and gynecology
Obstetrics and gynecology are medical specialties which focus on the care of women. Obstetrics focuses on childbirth, providing prenatal care and pregnancy support along with post-partum care, while gynecology focuses on the female reproductive organs. A specialist in obstetrics is called an obstetrician, while a specialist in gynecology is a gynecologist.
Because obstetrics and gynecology deals with sensitive female issues, some patients prefer to work with female physicians.
A doctor who wants to work in obstetrics and gynecology must first complete four years of medical school, followed by a residency in this discipline. If the doctor wants to focus on a subspecialty like gynecological surgery, an additional residency is required.
Ophthalmology
Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eye. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in medical and surgical eye problems. Since ophthalmologists perform operations on eyes, they are considered to be both surgical and medical specialists.
Although blinding eye diseases may occur in any age, they are much more common after 40. All too often considerable sight is lost from uveitis, glaucoma and other serious eye conditions while the individual attributes his lack of clear vision merely to the need of a pair of glasses.
Ophthalmologists usually make use of the ophthalmoscope, which often uncovers not only signs of eye disease but also presence of such conditions as hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis.
Oncology
Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with tumors. A medical professional who practices oncology is an ''oncologist''.
Oncology is concerned with: the diagnosis of any cancer in a person, therapy, follow up of cancer patients after successful treatment, care of patients with terminal malignancies.
The most important diagnostic tool remains the medical history: the character of the complaints and any specific symptoms (fatigue, weight loss, unexplained anemia, fever of unknown origin, and other signs).
Diagnostic methods include: Biopsy, endoscopy, Xrays, CT scanning, MRI scanning, ultrasound; Blood tests, including Tumor markers.
Cardiology
Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart.
The cardiology department provides patients with the range of diagnostic procedures. These procedures are supervised by physicians who are called cardiologists. A cardiologist can diagnose and treat patients who have problems with chest pain, blood pressure, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and other heart problems.
Each part of the heart may have dysfunction. The heart could be divided into the mechanical and the electrical. Dysfunction of the electrical system includes Parkinson syndrome, heart block. Dysfunction of the mechanical system is connected to the ability of the heart to move blood. There are disorders of the heart that are connected with both the electrical and the mechanical systems for example - heart attack.
Endocrinology
Endocrinology is a branch of medicine dealing with the endocrine, its diseases, and its specific secretions called hormones.
The endocrine system consists of several glands that secrete hormones. Hormones have many different functions.
Endocrinology involves the diagnostic evaluation of a variety of symptoms and the long-term management of disorders of deficiency or excess of one or more hormones. The diagnosis and treatment of endocrine diseases are guided by laboratory tests.
Most endocrine disorders are chronic diseases that need life-long care. The most common endocrine disease is diabetes.
Gastroenterology
Gastroenterology is the medical study of the digestive system and related disorders. Problems with the stomach, intestines, and esophagus are all part of the study of gastroenterology.
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The health of the digestive system is important for the whole body wellness. Gastroenterology is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of almost all digestive issues, including various forms of cancer, organ damage, ulcers. With the 19th century development of gastroscopes, tools that allow the visualization of the upper digestive tract, the diagnosis and treatment of digestive ailments began to develop.
People who have persistent stomach problems, such as diarrhea, or swelling of the abdomen, may be sent to a gastroenterologist for examination.
The Neonatal Period
Successful delivery and good condition of the mother depend on the proper prenatal, intranatal and postnatal care.
The mothers mental and physical health during pregnancy is of great importance to her unborn child. Effective care of the pregnant woman includes her preparation for the care of her child, and also her education in caring for her own health.
Every pregnant woman must be given regular gynecologic and obstetric examinations at her district womens consultation. Constant supervision and care during the prenatal period may help in detecting and preventing possible complications of pregnancy, neonatal morbidity and mortality.
Earlier, morbidity and mortality in the newborn were the concern of the obstetrician. Now, pediatrics plays an important role in the neonatology.
