4. .
. , ( ), . . ( - ) ( ).
, .. , , I,I,I U U. ( ). U , , U=0.7 (. , 3). , p-n-p , U= 0.7 ( U < 0). p-n-p (E < 0) :
R = R 1|| R 2,
R = R + R (1+ 
),
E = E 
,
E= U + I R,
I = I
E= U + I R=
(I, U) (I, U), . ( 4) 1. , .
5. .
I = I1 + I2,
I1 = ξ T / R .. - ( , ), , 200, , ξ = (12) /◦,
I2 = 
.. - , ∆ β = βmax β 0, 
= 
, I , .4.
I, UT = I R= UT, . 1 . UT . 1 , , - .
6. .
3, .
.. 4, . 4, , I ( ). h21 = I / I. , I 50 .
|
|
|
R = R + R (1+h21) E = U + I R., 6 .., . U I.
E= U + I R=. ( , . 1 ) , I. 6 .., . U I.
h21 , .4 5, 6 1 4, , .
7. .
: h11 = 
, h21 = (
= 25 , I , . 4), ( -4,6,7,8,9,12) (. , , 3).
8. .
h- ( h22 =0, ). , U U.
Ke0, R R :
R 
,
, Ke0 = Ku 
, 
, 
.
R : R1 R2.
: x = 
, , :
, Ke0 = Ku ∙ 
∙ 
, , , R ≈ R, 
, :
= 
.
Ke ( ), x, x R1, R2= R - R1. R1 R2 24, R1 ( ). Ke0 R, R1.
9. .
τ :
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, f ,
, 
,
, 
, 
.
1 2 ,
, 
, 
.
12 ( C<1) 6 ( C>1). , .
10. . ( ).
τ :
,
t =(R || R ), = 
, 
- : (. ).
|
|
|
t =(R ׀׀ R ).
τ, 
f .
. .
( 
= β = β ).
1) f β= fh 21 - ;
2) f = f 1 f = fh 21.
3) 
f :
.
4) - =1/ f .
