Orientation and construction of buildings should receive special attention in places where environmental and climatic factors have a significant effect. Structural design, style and materials should be compatible with local climatic and weather conditions. For example, flat roofs should be avoided in areas with frequent rainfalls. Snow and wind are variable loads that should be taken into account while designing a structure and its roof. Tall buildings are not recommended in places where strong winds, humidity or fog are possible and bring damage.
Local industries and their disposition should be also taken into account as noise pollution may be highly injurious and bring much harm. Location and coordination of all services must also be preplanned and located on a site plan. They must be worked out in accordance with the local climatic conditions. Sanitary accommodation is of primary importance. All conveniences must have ventilation, a cover, partitions and doors with suitable fastenings. (1000 signs)
Heating
One method of heating a building is to circulate hot water through radiators which are located in each room. The water is heated in a boiler by a burner and is kept at a constant temperature by a thermostat device called an aquastat. The aquastat is located on the outlet pipe from the boiler. The pipe runs in a continuous loop from the boiler to the radiators and back to the boiler. The function of a radiator is to transfer the heat from the hot water to the air in the room. Therefore they are made of a material which has the property of high thermal conductivity. The shape of the radiator is also important because the greater the surface area the more rapidly it gives off heat. One type of radiator, called a fin tube, consists of a number of thin fins shaped like a circle which are welded to a pipe passing through their centers.
A thermostat in the room can be set to the required temperature. When the air temperature in the room decreases, the thermostat switches on the pump which is located on the return line from the radiators. When the room reaches the set temperature, the thermostat switches off the pump.
An expansion tank is provided to allow for expansion of the water as it heats. A safety valve, located on the pipe leading to this tank, serves to relieve the pressure in the boiler if it is too high. (1300 signs)
A
Admixture
Adhesive ,
Aeration-
Aggregate ()
Alloy
Attainment
B
Batten , ,
Biotite , -
Buttress ;
Beam
Bond ; ()
Brittle
Buckling
C
Calcinations ()
Calcite
Cantilever ;
Ceiling
Chute ,
Cladding
Clinker ;
|
|
|
Coarse ,
Combustible materials
Copings
Corrugated ,
Crack
D
Decomposition
Dead load ,
Disintegrate
Disruption
Double - hung window
Drain ;
Dummy
Durability ,
E
End wall
Erect ,
Excavate
Exert ,
Expand
F
Flashing
Felt ; ;
Ferrous metal
Fine ,
G
Galvanized
Generation
Grid ,
Grit
Gross ,
H
Hatchway
Hoe
I
Igneous -
Impurity
Indestructible
Inlet ,
Insulation -
J
Jalousie
Jamb (, )
Jenny ,
Join ,
Joist
K
Kindling wood
Knob
Knocker
L
Lamina (pl. laminae) ,
Lap
Lath , ,
Lime
Lintel
live load ,
M
Masonry
Member ,
Mesh ; ;
Metamorphic
Mortar
N
Non- combustible
Non- ferrous metal
Nucleus (pl. nuclei) ,
Nut
O
Offsets ;
Overlapping
P
Partition
Pilaster
Plagioclase ( )
Plaster
Potash
Pour , ()
Precast ; ( )
Prefabricated ; ;
Pumping
Purlin ;
Q
Quartzite
Quarry
Quicklime ;
R
Reinforce
Roofing ; r.felt
Stud ,
S
Sash
Salmon brick
Sandstone
Scupper
Sediment -
Sedimentary
Segregation (),
Setting ; ()
Shaft ;
Sheathing
Shingles of wood ,
Shovel ;
Shrinkage ;
Single-hung window
Skylight
Slab
Slaking
Slate ,
Slope
Sloping
Slurry ;
Spalling ,
Span , ,
Split
Stain ,
Sweating
T
Tensile ,
Tie beam ,
Tongue
Transite
Truss (, , )
|
|
|
Twist ,
U
Uneven
Uniform
V
Vault
Vent pipe
Vice
Voltage
W
Warp
Warping
Wearing surface
Weld
Window head
X
Xylonite
Y
Yoke ,
Z
Zinc
1. .. . , 2012, 348.
2. .. - .- ., 2014, 608.
3. Building and construction/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/
4. Construction / http://www.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs003.htm
5. Construction and building materials/ http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/30405/description
6.James Cumming Architecture and building construction. Longman Group Limitited,1985, 266p.
