1) Behaviour theory views... 2) Social learning theory examines... 3) Mental illness is the cause of... 4) Psychopathy may lead... 5) Depression may lead... 6) Psychopath is... 7) Sociopath is...
► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about
a) behaviour theory;
b) social learning theory;
c) mental disorders and criminality.
Retell the text Psychological theories.
UNIT 18
► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Restore the word order in the questions that follow and answer them.
Marxist theories. Marxism is the system of political thinking invented by Karl Marx, which explains changes in history as the result of a struggle between social classes. In accordance with Marxist theories crime is viewed as a product of class society, of exploitative systems founded upon the institution of private property. [Exploitative means treating people unfairly to get money or an advantage.] Because the socialist system is considered by its proponents as incapable of producing crime, a number of specific sources of criminal activity have been suggested: (1) external enemies and remnants of the overthrown reactionary classes who infiltrate the country with spies and foreign-inspired sabotage; (2) remains of the old society, such as gangsters and hooligans, who refuse to reform; (3) lingering aspects of bourgeois ideology that prize profit-seeking, cunning, selfishness/ and decadence and thus encourage crime; and (4) the poverty and cultural backwardness that is seen as the legacy of the old society. The Cultural Revolution (1966-76) in China has also been cited as a cause of crime; it is said to have confused notions of right and wrong and to have destroyed respect for authority. [An action that is right is morally correct. Wrong is not morally right or acceptable.] Crime is ultimately to be eliminated by thought reform and by education.
VOCABULARY
| exploitative | selfishness | ||
| proponent | decadence | ||
| remnants | backwardness | ||
| infiltrate | legacy | ||
| foreign-inspired sabotage | - | cite | |
| reform | confuse | ||
| lingering | notion | ||
| bourgeois | ultimately | ||
| prize | eliminate | ||
| profit-seeking | thought | ||
| cunning | , |
1) What the system of political thinking invented by Karl Marx is? 2) What Marxism does explain? 3) What is as a product of class society in accordance with Marxist theories viewed? 4) What systems are upon the institution of private property founded? 5) Is the socialist system by its proponents as incapable of producing crime considered? 6) What specific sources of criminal activity in accordance with Marxist theories are? 7) What also cited as a cause of crime in China was?
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
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1) Capitalism is a system of political beliefs and principles whose main aims are that everyone should have an equal opportunity to share wealth and that industries should be owned by the government. 2) Communism is a political system in which the government controls the production of all food and goods, and which has no different social classes. 3) Socialism is a system of production and trade based on property and wealth being owned privately, with only a small amount of industrial activity by the government. 4) Sabotage means to make someone have a particular feeling or react in a particular way. 5) To inspire is damage that has been done deliberately to equipment, vehicles etc. in order to prevent an enemy or opponent from using them. 6) Hooligan is a member of a violent group of criminals. 7) Gangster is a noisy violent person who causes trouble by fighting etc. 8) Someone who is selfish is good at deceiving people in order to get what they want. 9) Someone who is cunning is caring only about himself and not about other people. 10) Decadence is the state of having low moral standards and being more concerned with pleasure than with serious matters.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) Marxism the system of political thinking invented by Karl Marx is. 2) Marxism changes in history as the result of a struggle between social classes explains. 3) Crime as a product of class society is viewed. 4) Crime as a product of private property is viewed. 5) Socialist system as incapable of producing crime is considered. 6) External enemies the country with spies infiltrate. 7) Remnants produce of the overthrown reactionary classes sabotage. 8) Remains refuse of the old society to reform. 9) Bourgeois ideology profit-seeking and selfishness prizes. 10) Bourgeois encourages ideology crime. 11) The poverty and cultural backwardness seen as the legacy of the old society is. 12) Crime ultimately to be eliminated by education is.
► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
; ; ; ; ; ; ; - ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
► Ex. . Complete the following statements.
1) Crime is viewed as... 2) Exploitative systems are founded upon... 3) Socialist system is considered as... 4) External enemies infiltrate... 5) Gangsters and hooligans refuse... 6) Bourgeois ideology prizes... and encourages... 7) Poverty is seen as... 8) Crime is ultimately...
► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about
a) crime and its Marxist interpretation;
b) the first specific source of criminal activity;
c) the second specific source of criminal activity;
d) the third specific source of criminal activity;
e) the fourth specific source of criminal activity.
Retell the text Marxist theories.
CHAPTER V
DETECTION OF CRIME
UNIT 19
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► Ex. I. Scan through the text Restore the word order in the questions that follow and answer them.
Crime detection and its phases. In most countries the detection of crime is the responsibility of the police, although special law enforcement agencies may be responsible for the discovery of particular types of crime. Customs departments, for instance, may be responsible for the detection of smuggling and related offenses. Crime detection falls into three distinguishable phases: the discovery that a crime has been committed, the identification of a suspect, and the collection of sufficient evidence to indict the suspect before the court. [To indict means to officially charge someone with a criminal offence.] Criminologists have shown that many crimes are discovered by persons, such as victims or witnesses, other than the police, but certain typesin particular crimes that may involve a subject's assent, such as dealing in drugs or prostitution, or those in which there may be no identifiable victim, such as obscenityare often not discovered unless the police take active steps to determine whether these crimes are being committed. [Obscenity is sexually offensive language or behaviour.] This may require controversial methods, such as surveillance, interception of communications, infiltration of gangs, and entrapment, for example, by making a purchase from a suspected drug dealer. [Surveillance is the act of carefully watching a person or place because they may be connected with criminal activities. To infiltrate means to secretly join an organization or enter a place in order to find out information about them or harm them. Entrapment is the practice of trapping someone by tricking them, especially to show that they are guilty of a crime.]
VOCABULARY
| crime detection | / | identifiable | , |
| law enforcement agency | ; ; | obscenity | , |
| related | controversial | ||
| distinguishable | surveillance | ||
| identification of suspect | interception | ; | |
| sufficient evidence | intercept | ||
| indict | infiltration | ||
| report | entrapment | ||
| subject's assent | entrap |
1) Whose responsibility the detection of crime in most countries is? 2) What phases crime detection does fall into? 3) When crimes are discovered by persons? 4) What crimes exclusively by the police are discovered? 5) What methods to determine whether crimes are being committed might be required?
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) The detection of crime is the responsibility of victims or witnesses. 2) Legislative departments may be responsible for the detection of smuggling. 3) Crime detection includes television advertising. 4) Crime detection includes the identification of a victim. 5) Crime detection includes the collection of rumours to indict the suspect before the court. 6) Crime detection includes the act of carefully watching a person or place because they may be connected with criminal activities. 7) Crime detection does not include the practice of trapping someone by tricking him or her.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) The detection of crime the responsibility of the police is.
2) Special law enforcement agencies responsible for the discovery of particular types of crime may be. 3) Customs departments responsible for the detection of may be smuggling. 4) Crime detection the discovery that a crime has been includes committed. 5) Crime detection the identification includes of a suspect. 6) Crime detection the collection of evidence to indict the suspect before the includes court. 7) Many crimes are by victims and witnesses discovered.
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► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.
1) The detection of crime is... 2) Special law enforcement agencies may be... 3) Crime detection falls... 4) Criminologists have shown... 5) The police should use... to determine whether crimes are being committed.
Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about crime detection:
a) its law enforcement agencies;
b) its phases;
c) its methods.
Retell the text Crime detection and its phases.
UNIT 20
► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Restore the word order in the questions that follow and answer them.
Suspect identification by fingerprints. Forensic science plays an important part in the investigation of serious crimes. One of the first significant developments was identification by fingerprints. [Identification is an act of identifying by official papers or cards, such as your passport, that prove who you are. To identify means to recognize and correctly name someone or something. Fingerprint is a mark made by the pattern of lines at the end of a person's finger, which can be used by the police to help find criminals.] It was discovered in the 19th century that almost any contact between a finger and a surface left a latent mark. [Something that is latent is present but hidden, and may develop or become more noticeable in the future.] It was accepted in 1893 that no two individuals had the same fingerprints. Fingerprint evidence was accepted for the first time in an English court in 1902. Fingerprinting is now widely used as a means of identifying criminals. Most major police forces maintain collections of fingerprints taken from known criminals at the time of their conviction, for use in identifying these individuals should they commit later crimes. [Conviction is a decision in a court of law that someone is guilty of a crime.] Fingerprints found at the scene of the crime are matched with fingerprints in the collection. According to the British standard, if the sets of fingerprints share at least 16 characteristics, it is considered that they are from the same person.
VOCABULARY
| forensic | fingerprinting | ||
| investigation | , | maintain | |
| identification | conviction | , | |
| pattern | match | ||
| surface | clue | ||
| latent | , | identifying witness | |
| fingerprint evidence |
1) What an important part in the investigation of serious crimes plays? 2) What one of the first significant developments was? 3) What in the 19th century was discovered? 4) What accepted in 1893 was? 5) What accepted was in 1902? 6) What now widely used as a means of identifying criminals is? 7) What do maintain most major police forces? 8) Why do most major police forces collections maintain of fingerprints? 9) What fingerprints with fingerprints in the collection are matched? 10) What the British standard of fingerprints is?
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► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) Political science plays an important part in the investigation of serious crimes. 2) Any contact between a finger and a surface leaves a noticeable mark. 3) Criminals have the same fingerprints. 4) Fingerprint evidence was accepted in 1893. 5) Fingerprinting is used as a means of identifying victims. 6) Fingerprints are taken from known witnesses at the time of their conviction. 7) Fingerprints found in the collection are matched with fingerprints at the scene of the crime. 8) Identification by fingerprints helps find identifying witnesses. 9) Clue is an object or piece of information that helps someone solve a crime or mystery.
Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
I) Forensic science an important part in the investigation of serious plays crimes. 2) Any contact between a finger and a surface a latent leaves mark. 3) No two individuals the same fingerprints have. 4) Fingerprint accepted evidence was in 1902. 5) Fingerprinting is as a means of identifying used criminals. 5) Fingerprints are from known criminals at the time of their taken conviction. 7) Fingerprints found matched at the scene of tie crime are with fingerprints in the collection. 8) Identification helps by fingerprints find criminals.
Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
Ex. V. Complete the following statements.
1) Forensic science plays... 2) Fingerprints found at the scene of the crime are... 3) One of the first significant developments was... 4) If the sets of fingerprints share... 5) It was discovered in the 19th century that... 6) It was accepted in 1893 that 7) Most major police forces maintain... 8) Fingerprint evidence was accepted... 9) Fingerprinting is now widely used as...
► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about identification by fingerprints:
a) its history of discovery;
b) its usage.
Retell the text Suspect identification by fingerprints.
UNIT 21
► Ex. I Scan through the text. Restore the word order in the questions that follow and answer them.
Scientific techniques to identify suspects. A broad range of other scientific techniques is available to law enforcement agencies attempting to identify suspects or to establish beyond doubt the connection between a suspect and the crime in question. Examples include the analysis of bloodstains and traces of other body fluids, such as semen or spittle, that may indicate some of the characteristics of the offender. Threads can be analyzed by microscopy or chemical analysis to show, for instance, that threads found on the victim or at the scene of the crime are similar to those in the clothing of the suspect. Hair samples can be compared chemically and genetically to those of the suspect. Many inorganic substances, such as glass, paper, and paint, can bring considerable information under chemical analysis. Examination of a document in question may reveal it to be a forgery. Examination of a fragment of glass may help to identify the kind of automobile involved in an accident. Computer allows investigators to create the necessary data bases. The method (modus operandi) by which an offense was committed may also help to identify the suspect, as many offenders repeatedly commit offenses in much the same way. The burglar's method of entry into the house, the type of property stolen, or the kind of deception practiced on the victim of a fraud may all suggest to the police who is responsible for the crime. Visual identification of a stranger by the victim is often possible, but experience has shown that such identifications are often mistaken and have frequently led to miscarriages of justice. If the victim or witness believes that he can recognize the offender, the police may show him an album containing photographs of a large number of known criminals, in the hope that one can be picked out. A suspect identified in this way is usually asked to take part in a lineup, in which the witness is asked to pick the suspect out of a group of people with similar characteristics.
VOCABULARY
| techniques | repeatedly | ||
| analysis pl. analyses | burglar | - | |
| blood stains | deception | ||
| fluid | practice upon | ||
| semen | fraud | ||
| spittle | all | ||
| threads | visual | ||
| microscopy | identification | ; | |
| sample | stranger | ||
| genetically | miscarriage of justice | ||
| anorganic | recognize | ||
| paint | pick out | ||
| forgery | lineup identification | ||
| data base | line up | ||
| modus operandi | , , | evidence of criminality | , . |
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1) What analyses and traces some of the characteristics of the offender may indicate? 2) What the analysis of threads can show? 3) Can hair samples genetically to those of the suspect be compared? 4) What inorganic substances considerable information under chemical analysis can bring? 5) Examination reveal it to be a forgery of a document may, mayn't it? 6) What to identify the kind of automobile involved in an accident may help? 7) What computer does allow investigators to do? 8) Why modus operandi also may help to identify the suspect? 9) What to the police who is responsible for the crime may suggest? 10) What identification frequently to miscarriages of justice leads? 11) What to be done if the victim or witness believes that he can recognize the offender is?
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) Modus operandi is a way of doing something that is typical of one person or group. 2) Examination of a document may reveal it to be original. 3) Examination of a fragment of bumper may help to identify the kind of automobile involved in an accident. 4) Rumours allow investigators to create the necessary data bases. 5) The method by which an offense was committed can hardly help to identify the suspect. 6) Offenders differ radically from each other in commission of offence. 7) The burglar's method of entry into the house is to suggest to the police who is responsible for the crime. 8) The type of property stolen may not suggest to the police who is responsible for the crime. 9) The kind of bluff practiced on the victim of a fraud may suggest to the police who is responsible for the crime. 10) Visual identification of a stranger by the victim is always true. 11) Visual identification of a newcomer by the victim leads to miscarriages of justice.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) Scientific techniques identify suspects help. 2) Scientific techniques beyond doubt the connection between establish suspects and crimes. 3) The analysis of bloodstains the characteristics of the offender indicates. 4) The analysis of threads that threads found on the victim are similar to those in the clothing of the suspect shows. 5) The analysis of threads that threads found at the scene of the crime are similar to those in the clothing of the suspect shows. 6) Hair samples can be chemically and genetically to those of the suspect compared. 7) The analysis brings of inorganic substances considerable information about the suspect.
► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; -; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.
1) The analysis of bloodstains may indicate... 2) The analysis of body fluids may indicate... 3) The analysis of threads may show... 4) Hair samples can be compared... 5) Many inorganic substances can bring... 6) Examination of a document may reveal... 7) Examination of a fragment of glass may help... 8) Computer allows... 9) Modus operandi may... 10) Many offenders repeatedly commit... 11) The burglar's method of entry into the house may suggest... 12) Visual identifications are often... 13) If the victim believes that he can recognize the offender, the police may... 14) A suspect is usually asked to take part in...
► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about evidence of criminality:
a) body fluids;
b) threads and hair samples;
c) inorganic sub-stances;
d) modus operandi;
e) visual identification.
Retell the text Scientific techniques to identify suspects.
UNIT 22
► Ex. I. Scan through the text Restore the word order in the questions that follow and answer them.
Gathering evidence. The identification of the suspect is not the final stage of the process: it is essential that the investigating agency gather sufficient legally admissible evidence to convince the judge or jury that the suspect is guilty. In order to secure the necessary evidence, the police employ a variety of powers and procedures; because these potentially involve interference with the freedom of the suspect, who must at this stage be treated as an innocent person, they are normally subject to close control either by legislation or by the courts. One important procedure is a search of the suspect or of premises or vehicles. Most jurisdictions allow a search to be carried out only if there is "reasonable ground for suspecting" that the evidence will be found. In some cases a person may be stopped on the street and searched. In this instance, the police officer is to identify himself and state the reasons for the search. A search of private premises usually requires a search warrant issued by a magistrate or judge. The law generally permits a search warrant to be issued only if the issuing authority is satisfied after hearing evidence on oath that there is good reason to suspect that the evidence will be found on the premises. The warrant may be subject to time limits and normally permits only one search to be carried out. In most countries the judge or magistrate who issues the warrant must be told of the outcome of the search. Material seized as a result of a search under the authority of a search warrant is usually detained by the police for production as exhibits at any subsequent trial. Evidence discovered as a result of any search that does not comply with the procedures laid down by the law is not admitted in the trial, even though it clearly establishes the guilt of the accused person, and even though the suppression of the evidence may prevent the conviction of a person who is plainly guilty. This rule, known as the exclusionary rule, is a matter of dispute in many English-speaking countries.
VOCABULARY
| evidence | , | detain | |
| investigating agency | production | ||
| admissible evidence | , | exhibits | |
| convince | subsequent | ||
| potentially | comply with | ||
| subject | procedure laid down | ||
| legislation | ; | establish the guilt | |
| premises | , | suppress evidence | |
| jurisdiction | conviction | , | |
| in this instance | plainly | ||
| search warrant | exclusionary ru | ||
| evidence on oath | identifying witness | ||
| outcome | good reason | ||
| seize |
