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To manage is to foresee
Some people may think that planned economic management originates from out time. But the management of economic process dates back to ancient days. For instance, the Egyptian pyramids could not have been built without directing the joint labour of the tens of thousands of their builders. Similarly, without management, the construction and operation of ancient irrigation systems would not be possible. Generally speaking, any joint work on any more or less large scale needs management. A building or a production team must have its team leader, an orchestra - the conductor; a military unit - the commander. This is all true for the collective work at a modern enterprise, in a firm.
Management, or control, is part of many processes and phenomena determining the outlook of modern specialists.
Management has reliable helpers - electronic computers. Men have learned to control highly complicated machine-tools, cars; planes and spaceships and they began t control the development of plants and animals.
Social life, economic life included, is known to be the moat complex area of management.
Economics is considered to be a very broad concept often used to denote a range of different things. Among all these differences two aspects are shown quite clearly: technical and scial. Both are reflected in management. in the technical sense, management has to do with machines, instruments, etc. Men control machines and mechanical systems, and this calls for professional knowledge and special skills. Management of this kind remains outside the sphere of economics. We know the rules of driving a car, or operating any machine to be the same in Russia, in the USA, in France and in Portugal.
The social aspect of management of the economy is certain to be a sphere where the objects of management are not things but men and their social relations.
Economics includes the movement of material values, that is, of things. Relations between men do not form on their own, but in regard to the production of the appropriation of goods. This is the basis of economic science. Behind the relations of things stand real relationships between people the motives and aims of their activity. To manage the economy means to foresee it's future.
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Computers
A computer is known to be a very specific kind of counting machine. We know it to do arithmetic problems faster than any person alive. By means of electric circuit it can find the answer to a very difficult and complicated problem in a few seconds.
A computer can remember information given to it. It stores the information in its memory untill it is needed. When you are ready to solve a problem, you can get the computer to sort through its storfed facts 1 and use only the proper ones. It works the problem with lightning speed. Then it checks its work to mke sure 2 there are no mistakes.
Traditionally, a computer was considered to be a large mhine with many buttons and flashing lights that took up a whole room 3. But today computers are becoming smaller and smaller and are even being put inside other devices. In spite of these small devices being called microcomputers and minicomputers they are still true computers.
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There are several advantages in making computers as small as possible, one of them being weight. But weight is not the only factor, the others being higher reliability, higher speed and requiring less power to run the computer.
The computer industry being one of the largest in western countries and especially in the USA is widely known. It includes companies that manufacture, sell and lease computers, as well as companies that supply products and services for people working with computers.
A computer cannot think. We know a human operator to put data into the computer. The operator writes instructions which determine the mathematical operations on information, a computer solving mathematical problems very rapidly.
Traditionally, the computer in business is known to be used for processing data. Having taken on many new kinds of jobs a computer has become more involved in business operations as the essential tool in making decisions at the highest administrative level.
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Robot in Modern Technolody
In modern life science is exercising great influence on technology, creating new problems for it and guiding its development. Scientific research became a profession, this job attracting an ever greater number of specialists.
One of important tasks of scientific research is automation of manufacturing processes. Automation presents a machine system, operating with maximum efficiency by means of adequate measurements, observation and control of its behaviour.
Robots play an important role in this system. Though robotics is a young science, robots have many advantages already. They never get tired, do not make mistakes, they can operate in conditions where people can't work. But for robots, it would be impossible to do work in the atmosphere of poisonous gas, in radioactive areas, under very high or low temperatures. Now robots are performing such tasks as welding, painting, lifting, assembling and testing finished products. Even more complicated jobs are seen in years ahead. Some day they will handle cleaning and laundry, help hospital nurses and aid in the care of invalids. But this is a future. In American terminology, these devices are not classified as robots but as automated-machines. Whatever these devices are called, their performances are amazing.
What makes a robot different from an ordinary machine? It is its electronic brain - a microcomputer that can be programmed to do an assigned task repeatedly, at the same speed and accuracy. Once programmed, a robot needs little or no human supervision. Industrial robots, are expected to be able to change their own parts in future.
In one Japanese plant during day-time 100 workers operate the machines that produce robot components and numerical-control devices. At night the factory is operated by only one control-room supervision. The use of robots is spreading. Here is an example of what future robots may be able to do. If you visited the Tokyo's National Science Museum you could see a 59-inch-tall robot capable of walking to the right or left singing a song and telling a story. It acts in response to voice commands.
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Yet, scientists point out that, there is a limit to robot's capabilities. Anything requiring creative thinking or emotion cannot be expected of robots. They are to be programmed by people. People make them, repair them and control them. Many spheres of life will remain the exclusive spheres of humans.
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1. Having been discussed the problems was solved.
2. They are not surprised at experiments being carried out at their plant.
3. The procedure to follow will influence the collection of the statistical data.
4. To be an economist-mathematician you are to enter the Institute of Economics and Statistics.
5. To read literature in one's special field is necessary for ever specialist.
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1. Statistics is considered to play n important role in the development of our civilization.
2. English is sure to be used as the international language of commer.
3. We know a businessman to mmunit with other businessmen by using the telephone.
4. They saw the car move away.
5. The situation appears to be more difficult than we thought.
6. Specialists think this company to be in difficulties.
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Statistical Methods
All progressive knowledge in the world is known to tend to precision. Precision is obtained with the help of numbers. Consequently, the science which deals with numbers has a very vital role to play in the development of our civilization. We know this science to be statistics.
The word statistics is used in two senses. One, when used in the plural, refers to a series of connected figures, and the other, when used in the singular relates to that branch of applied mathematics which deals with the collection, classification and use of quantitative data. Statistics being improved in industry, agriculture, public education and other branches of the economy is a well known fact.
Guide a large number of definitions hs bn given to statistics s a science. Different writers place emphasis on different aspects of the subject matter of this science. One main reason for this disagreement has been the constant development of the sp of this science.
The collected statistical material, which is influenced by numrus uses has to be rendered easily intelligible, if it is to be used s a basis for judgement or action. In exact sciences like physics and chemistry the experimenter tries to disentangle complicated causes by taking into account the one with which he is concerned and keeping others aside. He can control the conditions in his laboratory. But in other sciences this is not possible. The experimental method fails. Conditions are not within the control of the observer. He has to take the data as they occur. We have to make use of some other methods. These are methods of statistics. In order to get a clear picture out of the confusing mss of data, the latter hs to be systematically collected, classified, tabulated, summarized, compared and presented. These are called "statistical methods".
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1. What science do we call statistics?
2. What are statistical methods?
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1. Having been invented in 1948 transistor has opened an important phase in the development of science and technology.
2. To prove this law experimentally was very difficult.
3. So prove this law experimentally they had to carry out a great number of scientific experiments.
4. The experiments to be made will greatly influence the results of our scientific work.
5. We thought of using new devices in our scientific experiments.
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1. The whole world knows Lobachevsky's ideas to have had a great influence on world science.
2. Lomonosov is considered to be the father of Russian science.
3. The future is expected to bring a great many new applications for ultrasonics.
4. They wanted the device to be examined carefully by experts.
5. The laser beam is likely to have almost unlimited industrial applications.
6. Our engineers believe the new instrument to have great precision.
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