, (. .).
| . |
.
:
v 
;
v -2 
;
v +1 
;
v , .
. : ) NH3; ) P2O5; ) NH4NO3.
) . . +1. . . , . . , , . .. (x) 3(+1)
x + 3(+1) = 0, x = -3. 
.
) .. -2. .. (2) :
2 + 5(-2) = 0, = +5. 
.
) . NH4NO3 , NH4+ NO3-. , , .
NH4+:
+ 4 (+1) = +1, = -3;
NO3-:
+ 3(-2) = -1, = +5.
. . : 
.
. (. ). , .
| (H) | H | He | |||||||||||||||
| Li | Be | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | ||||||||||
| Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar | ||||||||||
| K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr |
| Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe |
| Cs | Ba | La* | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn |
| Fr | Ra | Ac** | Ku |
La* (14 ),
** (14 ).
, .
| . |
.., , .. . , .. .
|
|
|
, Al2O3 ( . ., +3); N2O3 (III) ( . ., . . +3).
| . |
CO, NO, N2O.
| , . |
+1, +2 ( ), +3 ().
, (+6, +7). ‑ SO2,P2O5, 
, 
.
+3, +4, +5, +2, , , (As ‑ As2O3, Sb ‑ Sb2O3). +2 ZnO, PbO, SnO, BeO . .
v
(I ) (II , Be Mg) ,
BaO + H2O = Ba(OH)2.
, ()
SO3 + H2O = H2SO4.
, SiO2, .
.
v -
- , . , , ‑
MgO + SiO2 = MgSiO3,
BaO + Al2O3 = Ba(AlO2)2,
BaO + 2HNO3 = Ba(NO3)2 + H2O,
N2O5 + PbO = Pb(NO3)2,
P2O5 + 6NaOH = 2Na3PO4 + 3H2O,
ZnO + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + H2O,
ZnO + 2NaOH = Na2ZnO2 + H2O.
()
, .
| , (), , OH. |
(OH)n, n 1÷6. n > 2 - - . - - () , :
()3 OOH + H2O
- -
, , .
| (), ( ) . |
, - - .
|
|
|
Na2O , ,
NaOH , .
SiO2 , ,
H2SiO3 , .
SnO , ,
Sn(OH)2 , .
. , () - (OH-).
, . 䒒 , , : Ca(OH)2 , Fe(OH)3 (III).
() . (. 3).
. , (H+). : nOm.
, , :
H2SO4 ;
H2SO3 ;
HClO4 ;
HClO .
(H2S, HF, HCl, HBr, HI), , , (), , .
. . , :
Zn(OH)2 ( H2ZnO2 ).
.
