| James Watt received his first patent in 1769. | 1769. |
| received Past Indefinite Active 䳺 to receive |
в 1
I. . , , s, , , :
) 3- 䳺 Present Indefinite;
) ;
) . .
1. Kyiv is very popular with tourists.
2. My sisters hobby is tennis.
3. Our academy conducts scientific research work.
II. . .
1. I spent my summer holidays at the seaside.
2. What is the weather forecast for this weekend?
3. Economics analyzes societys production and consumption level.
III. . . .
1. Kyiv is one of the largest and most beautiful cities in the world.
2. The longer I live in Kyiv the more I love it.
3. The proton is heavier than the electron.
IV. . . .
1. Does he know any foreign language?
2. I need some new batteries for my radio.
3. She said something but I didnt understand her.
V. . ϳ 䳺 , , . .
1. Last evening I read an interesting article in the newspaper.
2. Ill help you to do this work tomorrow.
3. We played chess two days ago.
VI. . 1, 2 4- .
KYIV THE CAPITAL OF UKRAINE
1. Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine, is one of the oldest and most beautiful cities in east-central Europe. It was founded about 1500 years ago. Kyiv is situated on the hilly right bank and the low left bank of the Dniper River. There are many parks and gardens, theatres and museums there. It has the population of about 3 million people and covers an area of about 43 km from east to west and 42 km from north to south.
2. Nowadays Kyiv is not only the capital of Ukraine; it is a cultural, scientific, administrative and industrial centre. There is a great number of secondary schools, universities, institutes and colleges there.
3. The main street is Kreschatik. The street is only one kilometer long but it is very impressive. You can see there not only government offices and administrative buildings but many large cinemas, restaurants and shops.
4. Kyiv is a major industrial centre that includes companies specializing in electronics, engineering, aviation, food and chemical production. Kyivs economic development has been enriched by its advantageous location along the Dniper River, which links Kyiv to the Black Sea. Not only inhabitants of Kyiv but all citizens of Ukraine are proud of their capital.
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VII. 3- . .
How long is the main street in Kyiv?
1. It is two kilometers long.
2. It is one kilometer long.
3. It is three kilometers long.
в 2
I. . , , s, , , :
) 3- 䳺 Present Indefinite;
) ;
) .
.
1. The sun rises in the East.
2. Many scientists study the properties of the electron.
3. My brothers daughter is my niece.
II. . .
1. Its about three miles from the airport to the city centre.
2. The atom diameter is many times greater than that of the proton.
3. What does the molecule speed depend upon?
III. . . .
1. The heavier is the molecule, the slower is its speed.
2. Oxford street is one of the busiest trade centres of London.
3. He speaks English better than she does.
IV. . . .
1. There is some ice in the fridge.
2. I went out of the house. Nobody saw me.
3. They havent got any children.
V. . ϳ 䳺 , , . .
1. Theyll help us to make this experiment.
2. Scientists discovered electron more than half of a century ago.
3. He speaks about the radius and mass of electron.
VI. . 1, 3 4- .
LONDON
1. London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial centre. It is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population is about 8 million people. London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old. It has more than 20 centuries old history. Traditionally it is divided into several parts, the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End. They are very different from each other.
2. The City is the oldest part of London, its financial and business centre. Numerous banks, offices and firms are concentrated here. Few people live in the City but over a million come to work here. There are two places of interest in the City: St. Paul's Cathedral and the Tower of London. The Tower of London was built in the 15th century. It was used as a fortress, a palace and a prison. Now it's a museum.
3. Westminster is the aristocratic official part of London. There are Buckingham Palace where the Queen lives and the Houses of Parliament along the north bank of the Thames. The clock tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big bell known as Big Ben.
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4. The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. The best hotels, restaurants, shops, clubs, parks and houses are situated there. There are many tourists there from different countries of the world. The East End is an industrial district of London. There are many factories there. It is densely populated by people of working class.
VII. 2- . .
How many people work in the City?
1. Only a few people work in the City.
2. Over a hundred people work in the City.
3. Over a million people work in the City.
в 3
I. . , , s, , , :
) 3- 䳺 Present Indefinite;
) ;
) .
.
1. I have a lot of relatives on my and my wifes side.
2. The train arrives at 5 oclock.
3. Are molecules in constant motion?
II. . .
1. They compare an electron with a ping-pong ball.
2. Does electricity make possible science progress?
3. There are two types of germanium and silicon diodes.
III. . . .
1. Atoms are smaller than molecules.
2. The more we study the more we know.
3. Even the longest day has an end.
IV. . . .
1. Someone broke into my flat.
2. Can I have some milk in my coffee, please?
3. He is lazy. He never does any work.
V. . ϳ 䳺 , , . .
1. The books aroused his interest in science.
2. Theyll work in various fields of our economy.
3. We usually visit our friends on our days off.
VI. . 1, 2 4- .
THE AGE OF ELECTRICITY
1. We live in the age of electricity. We can find its application for very many purposes. With the development of science and engineering well be able to apply electricity and electrical devices much more in all the branches of our life.
2. The last century was the age of steam, because people had to use steam to do work. Electricity is the power that can make possible science progress. We may use electricity in generators, motors, illuminating devices, heaters and so on. In modern homes we may use electricity to light, to operate washing machines, refrigerators, vacuum clearness etc.
3. Primitive man depended upon fire and smoke or other kinds of signals in order to send his thoughts to his neighbour; modern does not depend upon fire and smoke as mean of communication. As you know, modern man has only to lift up the receiver of his telephone and to dial the numbers to send his voice to any point of the globe.
4. Electricity is very important for communication, industry and agriculture, for mechanization and automation of the national economy. Many operations which man had to do by hand now electricity does. Electricity flows through transmission lines to houses and enterprises. Common sources of electricity are batteries and power plants.
VII. 3- . .
Why did primitive man depend upon fire?
1. Because he liked to sleep near it.
2. Because he used it to send his thoughts to his neighbour.
3. Because he used it to fight wild animals.
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в 4
I. . , , s, , , :
) 3- 䳺 Present Indefinite;
) ;
) .
.
1. Heat changes the state of matter.
2. Robots play an important role in todays industry.
3. Scientists discovered electron more than half of a century ago.
II. . .
1. When radio waves leave the transmitting antenna they travel in all directions at a great speed.
2. A new television centre will be opened next year.
3. The lab assistant asked the students to define the unit of resistance more accurately.
III. . . .
1. This is the smallest room in our flat.
2. The mass of the proton is greater than that of the electron.
3. The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be.
IV. . . .
1. Did you invite anybody to your exhibition?
2. We didnt buy any flowers.
3. For many centuries a man did not know anything about the structure of matter.
V. . ϳ 䳺 , , . .
1. Oxygen boils at a temperature of 192.98 C.
2. He went to Europe last year.
3. Well study the properties of electron.
VI. . 1, 2 3- .
KHARKIV INDUSTRY
1. Kharkiv is one of the largest industrial centres of Ukraine. The leading role in the branch structure of the industrial system of the city belonged to machine-building, metal processing, light industry and manufacturing of building materials. Such branches as chemical, printing, woodworking as well as power engineering ones are also well-developed.
2. Kharkiv machine-building unit is one of the largest in Ukraine. It provides a considerable part of tractors, more than 1/5 of tower cranes, more than ½ of bulldozers, ¼ of bicycles. Kharkiv occupies one of the leading places in Ukraine in the output of turbines, generators and power engineering equipment.
3. The largest enterprise of transport machine-building is the Malyshev Plant ( . ). Nowadays it shows its huge creative potential. It provides the foreign market with the best in the world tanks of new modifications. Kharkiv Aircraft Plant operates successfully under new economic conditions. It has initiated the production of new extra-class machines AN-74 and AN-140. The instrumental industry is represented by the State Bearing Plant 8, plants of measuring instruments, Teploavtomat, plants of surveyor instruments and others.
4. Printing industry of the city is represented by one of the largest Ukrainian integrated printing works, two bookmaking factories: the Globe and the M.F.Frunze Factory. The branches of light industry are also well developed in Kharkiv. They are textile industry, stockinet industry, clothing industry, leather and shoe industry, fur industry. Among the largest enterprises are: The Krasnaya Nit factory, the Tynyakov factory ( ).
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VII. 4- . .
What branches of industry are well developed in Kharkiv?
1. Coal-mining industry is well developed in Kharkiv.
2. Textile industry, stockinet industry and shoe industry are well developed in Kharkiv.
3. Chemical industry is well developed in Kharkiv.
в 5
I. . , , s, , , :
) 3- 䳺 Present Indefinite;
) ;
) .
.
1. Faraday () made two thousand different experiments.
2. Does mankinds progress depend upon electricity?
3. Air normally contains only gases.
II. . .
1. The hydrogen molecule diameter is the smallest.
2. The speed of electron motion depends upon different conditions.
3. Radio devices are used for various purposes.
III. . . .
1. The more you have, the more you want.
2. Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.
3. The examination was easier than we expected.
IV. . . .
1. Nobody knows when they will arrive.
2. Why didnt anybody come to the office on Saturday?
3. I have got some English books in the original.
V. . ϳ 䳺 , , . .
1. Shell translate this article in an hour.
2. He studies the motion of electrons.
3. They noticed the effect of attraction.
VI. . 1, 2 3- .
THE TELEPHONE
1. Alexander Graham Bell never planned to be an inventor. He wanted to be a musician or a teacher of deaf people. In 1863, when Alexander was only sixteen, he became a teacher in a boys school in Scotland. He liked teaching there, but he still wanted to become a teacher of deaf people. He read all books about sound that he could find, and started to work on some of his own experiments. Reading scientific books wasnt easy for him, but he worked very hard, and he learned a lot about the laws of sound.
2. He became interested in telegraph, and he tried to find a way to send musical sounds through electric wires. These experiments were not very successful. Then Alexander was offered a job at the School for the Deaf in Boston, Massachusetts. He was so successful that he was able to open his own school when he was only twenty-five.
3. About this time Alexander became interested in finding way to send the human voice through an electric wire. He found an assistant, Tom Watson, who worked in an electrical shop and knew a lot about building electric machines. Tom and Alexander worked together to build a machine that people could use to talk to one another over long distances. One day, when they were working on a new transmitter, Alexander spilled some acid on himself. Tom Watson, who was alone in another room, heard a voice. The spilled acid was forgotten when Tom and Alexander realized that their talking machine worked.
4. The first permanent telephone line was built in Germany in 1877. And in 1878, the first telephone exchange was established in New Jersey. Alexander Graham Bell was invited to open the new line, and he asked his old friend, Tom Watson, to help. On the important day, January 25, 1915 Mr. Watson was in San Francisco and Mr. Bell was in New York City. Everyone expected to hear a serious, scientific speech. The words that Mr. Bell chose to say were: Come here, Mr. Watson! I want you!
VII. 4- . .
Where was the second telephone established?
1. The second telephone was established in Germany.
2. The second telephone was established in New York City.
3. The second telephone was established in New Jersey.
2
2, :
1. - 䳺:
) (Active Voice) ndefinite (Present, Past, Future);
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Continuous (Present, Past, Future);
Perfect (Present, Past, Future);
) (Passive Voice) ndefinite (Present, Past, Future);
) .
2. 䳺:
(Modal Verbs) must, can, may .
3. 䳺:
ij. Participle I (Present Participle) Participle II (Past Participle).
䳺 .
4. :
.
5. .
.
. .
| I had already done my homework by eight oclock. | . |
| had done Past Perfect Active 䳺 to do | |
| That house was built last year. | . |
| was built Past Indefinite Passive 䳺 to build |
. .
| Entering the room, he saw a group of students. | , . |
| Entering Participle I, | |
| A central angle is an angle formed by two radii. | , . |
| Formed Participle II, . |
в 1
I. , 䳺, , , .
. () .
) 1. He has already collected some information about the history of transistors.
2. The students were writing their test paper from 10 till 12 yesterday.
) 1. Everything on the surface of the earth is attracted by the mass of the earth.
2. The new discovery was much spoken about.
II. , Participle I Participle II; , , .
.
1. The equipment needed for the expirement was carefully checked.
2. Being a talented organizer Rutherfod () created a school of physicists.
3. Where is he now? He is working in the laboratory.
4. The phenomenon influencing the rate of the reaction was investigated.
III. , 䳺 .
.
1.He may complete all necessary measurements himself.
2. They wont be able to take part in the conference this week.
3. Why must they cross the street carefully?
4. I had to call a doctor yesterday. My mother fell ill.
IV. . 1, 2 3 .
GRAVITY
A force of attraction exists between every body in the universe. It has been investigated by many scientists including Galileo and Newton. This gravitational force depends on the mass of the bodies involved. Normaly it is very small but when one of the bodies is a planet, like the earth, the force is considerable.
The greater the mass, the greater is the earths force of attraction on it. We call this force of attraction gravity.
Because of gravity. Bodies have weight. We can percieve weight only when a body resists gravity. For example, when we pick up a stone there are two forces involved. One is the lifting force we exert and the other is the force of gravity which attracts the stone downwards and thus gives it weight. When a body escapes from the influence of the earths gravitational pull, it can become weightless. For example, the centrifugal force of a spacecraft spinning in orbit round the earth cancels the affect of gravity. The crew therefore experience weightlessness.
If the space crew land on the surface of the moon, they experience the much weaker force of the gravity exerted by the moon. On the moon they weigh less than on the earth. Special training is necessary to help them to walk on the moons surface.
To simplify engineering calculations, it is assumed that gravity is the same everywhere on the earths surface, and that for every kilogramme of mass the earth exerts a force of 9,81 newtons on a body. In fact gravity differs slightly from place to place because of the shape of the earth. It is greatest at the poles where the earth is flattest and is least at the Equator.
weight -
weightlessness -
to perceive -
to cancel -
V. 5- . .
Where is gravity the greatest?
1.... at the Equator.
2.... at the poles.
3.... on the moons surface.
в 2
. , 䳺, , .
. () .
) 1. In gases molecules are moving with high speed in all directions.
2. Ukrainian economy promises to become more and more attractive for foreign capital.
)1. Such a huge reactor hasnt been constructed yet.
2. The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors.
II. , Participle I Participle II; , , . .
1. The papers presented at the conference were on some problems of higher education.
2. Making this experiment we noticed that the substance changed its colour.
3. My friend is preparing for the seminar in the library.
4. The method being used in our work helps us to solve a very difficult problem.
III. , 䳺 . .
1. He wasnt able to win the competition.
2. You will have to spend a lot of time to do this work.
3. The students must attend lectures.
4. May I stay here for some time?
IV. . 1, 2 3 .
METALS
Why does man use metals still so such today when there are other materials, especially plastics? A material is generally used because it offers the required strength, and other properties, at minimum cost. Appearance is also an important factor. The main advantage of metals is their strength and toughness.
Plastics are lighter and more corrosion-resistant, but they are not usually as strong. Another problem with plastics is what to do with them after use. Metal objects can often be broken down and the metals recycled; plastics can only be dumped or burned.
Not all metals are strong, however. Copper and aluminium, for example, are both fairly weak but if they are mixed together, the result is an alloy called aluminium bronze, which is much stronger than either pure copper or pure aluminium. Alloying is an important method of obtaining whatever special properties are required: strength, toughness, resistance to wear, magnetic properties, high electrical resistance or corrosion resistance.
The properties of a metal can be further improved by use of heat treatment. Heat treatment is the term given to a number of different procedures in which the properties of metals and alloys are changed. It usually consists of heating the metal or alloy to a selected temperature below its melting point and then cooling it at a certain rate to obtain those properties which are required. For example, hardening is used to make metals harder. Tempering makes them softer and less brittle. Annealing is carried out to make a metal soft so that it can be machined more easily.
When Concorde was built, a material was needed which could withstand extreme aerodynamic conditions. To achieve this, a special aluminium alloy was developed which is tough and lightweight and is used in over 70% of Concordes structure.
:
| toughness | - , |
| corrosion-resistant | - 糿 |
| hardening | - |
| tempering | - |
| annealing | - (. ) |
| brittle | - , |
| resistance to wear | - () |
V. 4 .
.
Which type of heat treatment makes metals softer and less brittle?
1. Hardening makes metals softer and less brittle.
2. Annealing makes metals softer and less brittle.
3. Tempering makes metals softer and less brittle.
в 3
I. , 䳺, , , .
. () .
) 1. The Ukrainian tax reform is starting to work.
2. The students had made a lot of experiments by the end of the last year.
) 1. The quality of the instruments can be relied upon.
2. The problem of pollution was not even discussed some fifty year ago.
II. , Participle I Participle II; , , .
.
1. Studying the properties of electrons physicists constructed a very accurate device.
2. Alloys made from copper and nickel are corrosion resistant.
3. Radio signal is transmitted by means of radio waves.
4. When heated up to 100 C water boils.
III. , 䳺 .
.
1. You may take this book home.
2. Nobody was able to understand this phenomenon.
3. We had to use a catalyst to accelerate the reaction.
4. Must he answer all these questions?
IV. . 2, 3 6- .
NATIONAL KYIV UNIVERSITY
National Kyiv University is one of the biggest higher educational establishments in Ukraine. It was founded in 1834. In 1939 it was named after the great poet of Ukraine T.G. Shevchenko on the occasion of its 105th anniversary.
The University trains specialists for various fields of economy, conducts post-graduate courses, grants degrees. More than 20,000 future specialists get their training here. They major in physics, mathematics, biology, chemistry, law, journalism, linguistics, etc.
Students are admitted to the University on the basis of their results at the entrance examinations. They study at 16 faculties containing 155 departments. The departments are grouped into faculties. Students from many countries are being trained at Kyiv University. They are from Europe, Asia and Latin America.
Senior students major in those subjects which are essential for their future activity. Their graduation papers are oriented towards the enterprises at which students are supposed to work afterwards. The students take their practical training before the graduation exams at their future place of employment.
Today Kyiv University enjoys national and international reputation for the contribution in scientific research.
The University devotes much attention to the promotion of cooperation with institutions of higher education in foreign countries on the basis of bilateral agreements. They exchange experience on teaching methods, on the work of the University departments, on research planning and textbook development. The agreements signed with some foreign institutions of higher education promote the exchange of curricula and syllabi, scientists and post-graduate students, scientific and teaching literature, as well as information on the activities of the universities.
.
to major
bilateral agreement
curricula and syllabi
V. 4- . .
Where do the students take their practical training?
1. The students take their practical training at their future place of employment.
2. The students take their practical training abroad.
3. The students take their practical training in the laboratories.
4
. ; 䳺, , . . () .
). 1.The splitting of the atom has opened to man a new source of energy.
2. Scientist all over the world are doing their best to find answers to numerous yet unsolved problems.
). 1.Gold is not affected by moisture.
2. Newton ̉s laws of motion were subjected to criticism.(Newton- ̉).
II. , Participle I u Participle II, , . .
1. Explaining a new rule our teacher gave us a great number of examples.
2. We shall be translating the article when he comes.
3. Robots release workers from monotonous and very hard work requiring no skilled labour.
III. , 䳺 .
.
1. May I intive my friend to join us?
2. We had to put of the meeting till Friday.
3. If the red light is on, you must stop and wait.
4. The lecture is to begin at 8 oclock.
IV. . 1, 2, 4 .
SOURCES OF ENERGY
Throughout history, people have developed various sources of energy to help them do their work and improve their living conditions. One of the first forms of energy that people used was fire. Later, wind and water supplied energy for transportation and simple machinery.
The inventions of the steam engine, electricity, and the gasoline engine introduced new stages in energy development and increased productivity. Recently, nuclear energy has begun to contribute to the productivity of the economy.
Since the invention of the steam engine, societies have depended on fossil fuels to supply energy. Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, developed from the remains of prehistoric plants and animals.
Today, fossil fuels supply 97 percent of the worlds energy needs. The amount of fossil fuel people burn has nearly doubled every 20 years since 1900. Such rapid consumption of this type of energy may exhaust the worlds supply of fossil fuels. Engineers predict that oil will become scarce in the early 2000s and the earths natural gas reserves will be exhausted within about 30 years. Coal, the most plentiful fossil fuel, is expected to last another 300 to 400 years.
Sources other than fossil fuels fill some of the worlds energy needs. For example, water power provides about 2 percent of the worlds energy. Solar energy, given off by the sun is used in some places to heat homes and generate electricity. Winds, tides, and the heat of the earths interior are among other sources of energy people use today.
.
fossil fuels (.-) ;
scarce -,;
to exhaust -;
supply -;
to supply -,;
consumption .
V 5- . .
What other sources of energy do people use today?
в 5
I. , 䳺, , , . () . .
) 1. For many centuries man did not know anything about the structure of matter.
2. Moleculer electronics opens up absolutely new horizons.
) 1. Chemical methods of purifying water are given much attention to at present.
2. The forum was devoted to the problems of higher education.
II. , Participle I Participle II; , , .
.
1. The work performed by this young scientist showed good results.
2. While burning different substances combine with oxygen.
3. A mercurial barometer was invented by E. Torricelli ().
4. The plants producing textile machinery export great quantities of machinery abroad.
III. , 䳺 .
.
1. Liquids can evaporate without boiling.
2. You have to change the position of the device because its measurements are incorrect.
3. He couldnt complete his research in time.
4. As the student was late he was not allowed to enter the classroom.
IV. . 1,3 4- .
COMPUTERS
A computer is a device that has the ability to accept, store and process enormous quantities of data in an extremely short time. A computer allows to get information almost immediately. The modern history of digital computers began in 1939 with the work done by Howard Aiken ( ).
A number of automatic machines were constructed in the early days of computing to solve differential equations. Until the discovery of germanium transistors in 1947 electronic computers were like very large furnances, consuming enormous quantities of electrical power.
The appearance of integrated circuits and microprocessors gave birth to the new generation of computers capable of performing two million operations per second. It found wide application in all fields of economy solving the most complex economic problems.
The next generation of computers is widely used in production. The supercomputer PS-200 is able to perform 200 million operations per second and is based on super high-capacity integrated circuits.
The fastest computer in the USA works like on assembly line with individual processors performing individual operations.
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| germanium furnances integrated circuits to give birth to smth. assembly line | - - - - - - |
V. 4- . .
What did the first automatic machines do?
1. The first automatic machines calculated the average cost of products in the store.
2. The first automatic machines solved differential equations.
3. The first automatic machines controlled the assembly line.
