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FAQ

()

⇐ 12345



, , ' '.

, . () , . , .

, -, ' ' , -, .

++.

2. .

, .

++ operator, - (operator function).

-:

__ operator _(_)

{__}

- Å : , . Å Z Z.operatorÅ (), - operatorÅ (Z).

, , . ' .

, ( ), . ' .

:

) ( ):

__ operator _

) ( ):

__ operator _(_)

.

1)class person 2)class person
{ int age; { int age;
... ...
public: public:
...
void operator++(){ ++age;} friend void operator++(person&);
}; };
void main() void person::operator++(person& ob)
{class person jon; {++ob.age;}
++jon;} void main()
  {class person jon;
  ++jon;}

- Å : , ( ) . xÅy x.operatorÅ(y), operatorÅ(x,y).

, , . ' .

, , , .

.

1)class person{...};

class adresbook

{

// '

//person, ,

public:

person& operator[](int); // i- '

};

person& adresbook:: operator[](int i){...}

void main()

{class adresbook persons;

class person record;

record = persons[3];

}

2) class person{...};

class adresbook

{ // ' //person, ,

public:

friend person& operator[](const adresbook&,int); // i- '

};

person& operator[](const adresbook& ob,int i){...}

void main()

{class adresbook persons;

class person record;

record = persons[3];

}

:

;

', , ', .

. , .

:

'_ & operator= ('_ &);

³ operanor=. -, --. ﳿ ', . ﳿ, . ', ', . -- .

-, operator=() ', . , --. ', . , , '. '. , ', , , .

3. Borland C++ 5.02.

* .

- , : , . ide.

', . . , , , , . . , .ide. , ' .

* . .

1. , , File|Open. - File|New, Text Edit. , File|Save.

2. , ( Alt+F10) Target Expert. ' Target Expert.

3. Ok. , DOC, EasyWin Windows 3.x(16- ) Console Win32. EasyWin .

4. Debug () Sun (). , .

5. . Options|Project|Compiler Precompiled Headers Generate and use.

* . .

, .

:

1. File|New Project. ' New Target. Target Expert.

2. ' (Project Path and Name), ' (Target Name) ++.

3. Advanced, . ' Advanced Options.

4. . def, .rc .def.

5. Advanced Options New Target ( Ok).

6. , ', Project , . , Add Node. ' Add to Proect List, , .

7.ϳ , , . , Make Node.

8.ϳ , IDE Open Project Project. ' .

* . .

1. Project New Target. ' Add Target.

2. ' , (Standard) Ok. ' New Target.

3. New Target .

4. , , .

5. Build Node, .

4. EasyWin ?

(IDE) BC++5.02 , EasyWin , , Windows. . Windows, .

* EasyWin .

1. IDE BC++5.02.

2. File.

3. New/Project, New Target.

4. ' .ide ( Project Path and Name). ' ( Target Name ), ' . Brows , .

5. EasyWin[.exe] Target Type.

6. Advanced, Advanced Options. , . cpp Node. IDE .cpp . .rc .def. Windows-, EasyWin, , . (k).

7. k, .

8.IDE Project, . , Project .

9. EasyWin - . . ., .

10. .

11.³ (F9).

12.

13. 12, .

14. (Ctrl+F9).

.

1. .

2. , , Input( ) Print( ), .

3. .

4. ( ).

5. . .

.

1. . :

- ;

- ;

- .

2. ' . , .

3. , '. :

* :

MyClass(const MyClass& ob);

* :

MyClass& operator = (const MyClass& ob);

4. - private (protected) , . , - :

- ;

- ;

- ;

- , .

- (operator).

.

1. .

2. , .

3. .

4. , .

5. ' ' .

6. (- , , ).

7. .

.

1. ?

2. .

3. / --?

4. -?

5. , ? ?

6. ?

7. ?

8. ?

9. , , ?

10. ++ ?

11. ?

12. ?

13. ?

14. - ?

15. ' operator ?

16. ?

17. , ?

18. -- ?

19. .

20. + .

21. <,>,== .

. .

1.- char. :

+ - ( char + set);

+ - ' ;

== - .

2.- char. :

- - ( set-char);

* - ;

< - .

3.- char. :

- - ( set-char);

> - ;

!= - .

4.- char. :

+ - ( set+char);

* - ;

int() - .

5.- char. :

() - ( );

+ - ' ;

<= - .

6.- char. :

> - (char in set );

* - ;

< - .

7.- char. :

+ ᒺ (list+list);

-- - ( list);

== .

8.- char. :

+ - (char+list);

-- - ( list);

== - .

9.- char. :

+ - (list+char);

- - ( list-);

!= - .

10.- char. :

[] - , :

int i; char c;

list L;

c=L[i];

+ - ' ;

== - .

11.- char. :

[] - , :

int i; char c;

list L;

c=L[i];

+ - ' ;

!= - .

12.- char. :

() - , :

int i;

list L;

L[i];

() - , :

int i; char c;

list L;

L[c,i];

!= .

13.-. :

+ - ;

- ;

bool() - ?

14.-. :

+ - ;

- ;

bool() - ?

15.- () . :

+ - (a[i]+b[i] i);

[] - ;

+ - (double+vector).

16.- () . :

- - (a[i]-b[i] i);

[] - ;

- - (vector-double).

17.- () . :

* - (a[i]*b[i] i);

[] - ;

* - (vector*double).

18.- () . :

int() - ;

() - ;

- - (vector-double);

[] - ;

19.- () . :

= - (vector=double);

[] - ;

== - ;

!= - ;

20.- () . :

() - ;

* - ;

* - ;

* - .

21.- () . :

() - ;

- - ;

- - ;

== - .

22.- () . :

() - ;

= - (matr=double);

+ - ;

+ - (matr+double).

23.- () . :

() - ;

== - .

++ - ;

6.

.

. ++.

.

.

.

.

( ) (), . , , 䳿 .

++ template. :

template <class _> __ '_(_){_}

.

* .

* .

* class.

* ' .

* - . , .

* ' .

* , , , .

.

( ) . , , - . , , , ', . , ', . , , ' ' , ' .

:

template <class _> class '_ {... };

.

* . ' template.

* , , , , .

* friend- , friend-.

* friend- ( ).

* () , , , .

* , , virtual.

* .

, , :

* template, __ , .

* '_, (::), __ .

template<_>__ '_<__ >:: '_(_){... }

.

1. . , , (=) , .

2. , .

3. .

4. , . .

5. , .

6. .

.

1. . :

- ;

- ;

- .

2. input print.

3. , '. :

* :

MyTmp (const MyTmp& ob);

* :

MyTmp& operator = (const MyTmp& ob);

4. , , , . 1.

5. . complex.

class complex{

int re; //

int im; //

public;

//

};

6. .

7. EasyWin- Borland C++5.02.

8. .

.

1. : , , , ', , .

2. .

, , , -, ..

.

3. .

4. .

5. , , , .

6. .

7. . ( ).

.

1. ?

2. / ?

3. / ?

4. .

5. - .

6. ?

7. .

8. ?

9. ?

10. .

11. ? .

12. ?

13. ?

14. , , ?

15. ?

16. ?

.

1.- . :

* - ;

[] - ;

2.- . :

int() - ;

[] - ;

3.- . :

[] - ;

== - ;

!= - ;

4.- set. :

+ - ( set+item);

+ - ' .

* - ;

5.- set. :

+ - ( item + set);

+ - ' ;

== - .

6.- set. :

- - ( set-item);

* - ;

< - .

7.- set. :

- - ( set-item);

>- ;

!= - .

8.- set. :

+ - ( set+item);

* - ;

int() - .

9.- set. :

() - ( Pascal);

+ - ' ;

<= - .

10.- set. :

> - ( in Pascal);

* - ;

< - .

11.- list. :

+ - (list+item);

-- - (--list);

== - .

12.- list. :

+ - (item+list);

- - (-list);

!= - .

13.- list. :

+ - (list+item);

- - ( list-);

!= - .

14.- list. :

[] - , :

Type c;

int i;

list L;

c=L[i];

+ - ' ;

== - .

15.- list. :

[] - , :

int i; Type c;

list L;

c=L[i];

+ - ' ;

!= .

16.- list. :

() - , :

int i;

list L;

L(i);

() - , :

int i;

Type c;

list L;

L(c,i);

!= - .

17.- stack. :

+ - ;

- ;

bool() - ?

18.- queue. :

+ - ;

- ;

bool() - ?

19.- . :

+ - ;

[] - ;

+ - .

20.- . :

- ;

[] - ;

- - .

7.

.

. ++, ' ++.

.

, ' , , , , .

.

.

'- ANSI-C. :

- ' .

- - .

- - / , - ++ .

- ( )

basic_istream, basic_ostream , ' - ';

basic_ifstream, basic_iostream ;

basic_istringstream, basic_ostringstream '-.

- ', ' , / .

- basic_ios ( ) basic_streambuf ( ) :

(char) ;

(traits) ' ios_traits ( ), ;

char wchar_t ' ios_traits .

.

template <class char, class traits = ios_traits <char>> class basic_istream: virtual public basic_ios <char, traits>;

++.

++ : ios streambuf.

streambuf ' -, ', -. streambuf . -. ³ .

 

 


ios - .

 
 

 

 


istream ;

ostream ;

iostream -;

istrstream ;

ifstream ..

, , .

iostream.h - ios, ostream, istream.

strstream.h - strstream, istrstream, ostrstream

fstream.h - fstream, ifstream, ofstream

-

' istream. - ' ostream.

istream .

istream& get (char* buffer, int size, char delimiter='\n');

istream . , size , . streambuf. .

istream& read(char* buffer,int size);

, . ʳ ' istream::gcount_ (private).

istream& getline(char* buffer,int size, char delimiter='\n');

, . . .

istream& get(streambuf& s,char delimiter='\n');

istream streambuf , -. istream. s .

istream get (char& C);

istream . , 0XFF.

int get();

istream . EOF.

int peek();

istream, istream.

int gcount();

, .

* istream& putback()

get ' streambuf , .

* istream& ignore(int count=1,int target=EOF);

istream, :

- count ;

- target;

- .

ostream .

* ostream& put(char C);

ostream .

* ostream& write(const char* buffer,int size);

ostream . , size . . . ( ) ostream.

* ostream& flush();

streambuf.

- .

* istream& seekg(long p);

get ( ) .

* istream& seekg(long p,seek_dir point);

* enum seek_dir{beg,curr,end}

get ( ), ( ).

* long tellg();

get.

*ostream& seekp(long p);

put streambuf streambuf.

* ostream& seekp(long p,seek_dir point);

.

* long tellp();

put.

istream >>, ostream <<. << >> ˳ ' istream (ostream), , .

<< >> operator<< operator>>. - operator.

ϳ : , , (char*). void* ( , char*, void*). >> << .

operator<< operator>> ', . , .

cout << a << b << c;

cin >> i >> j >> k;

- .

>> << , , , -. - ' , ' .

iostream.h ', ' -.

cin ' istream, ' .

cout ' ostream, ' .

cerr .

clog .

<< >> cout, cin, cerr, clog , , , .

. ֳ ios. protected long x_flags. public .

protected ios.

int x_width .

int x_precision ( ) .

int x_fill , .

()

int width();

int width(int);

int precision();

int precision(int);

char fill();

char fill(char);

ios, . .

, . , >> <<. , , ( ), .

istream ostream operator.

istream& operator>>(istream&(*_f)(istream&));

ostream& operator<<(ostream&(*_f)(ostream&));

<iomanip.h>, .

, :

1. (my_manip) : +

ostream& (*f)(ostream&,< >);

2. (my_manip) .

3. operator<<. ' (my_manip) (), ostream ostream *f. ,

typedef far ostream&(far *PTF)(ostream&,int,int,char);

class my_man{

int w;int n;char fill;

PTF f;

public:

//

my_man(PTF F,int W,int N,char FILL):f(F),w(W),n(N),fill(FILL){}

friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&,my_man&);

};

ostream& operator<<(ostream& out,my_man& my)

{return my.f(out,my.w,my.n,my.fill);}

4. *f (fmanip), . . ,

ostream& fmanip(ostream& s,int w,int n,char fill)

{s.width(w);

s.flags(ios::fixed);

s.precision(n);

s.fill(fill);

return s;}

5. (wp) , ' my_manip, f fmanip. ,

my_man wp(int w,int n,char fill)

{return my_man(fmanip,w,n,fill);}

, <iomanip.h>:

OMANIP(int)

IMANIP(int)

IOMANIP(int)

' . ios enum.

public:

enum io_state{

goodbit, // 000

eofbit, // 001

failbit, // 002

badbit, // 004

hardfail // 008

};

, ' ios, state. int rdstate().

, :

int bad(); 1, badbit hardfail

int eof(); 1, eofbit

int fail(); 1, failbit, badbit hardfail

int good(); 1, goodbit

>> , .

-

' :

ofstream ;

ifstream ;

fstream /.

.

* fstream();

, .

* fstream(const char* name,int mode,int p=filebuf::openprot);

, ' name, , mode p. , . mode=ios::out, , .

ios .

in -

out -

ate - . , .

app - . seekp()

trunc -

nocreate - ,

noreplace - ,

binary -

,

void open(const char* name,int mode,int p=filebuf::openprot);

void fstreambase::close();

, ' . . .

' :

1.

' filebuf

filebuf fbuf;

' filebuf ' ()

fbuf.open(',ios::in);

' filebuf

istream stream(&fbuf);

2.

' fstream (ifstream, ofstream)

fstream stream;

³ , ' filebuf

stream.open(',ios::in);

3.

' fstream, , '

fstream stream(',ios::in);

.

1. () . , , , .

2. 1 ' ( >>) (). ' .

3. .

4. .

5. 2 ' , . ' cout << . ' .

6. ' .

7. 3 ' .

8. , ' .

9. 4 ' .

10. , ' .

11. 5 ( ) .

12. .

.

1. EasyWin- Borland C++5.02.

5 ( ).

2. 1. char* char[].

3. : istream, ostream, fstream, ifstream, ofstream.

4. (. ).

5. read/write, >> <<.

6. , .

7. h-.

8. cpp-.

9. h-.

:

) ;

) :

) - :

) ( ). ..

10. 5- '.

11.ϳ ' ' .

' :

) - seekp(),seekg().

) - tellp(),tellg().

) ' - '.

12. . operator!(), operator void*() bad(), good().

13. , , ', 2 .

14. find(), ' ' . / ' .

15. ' del() repl(), , , , ( find), .

.

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. .

5. find(), del() repl().

6. . , ' , ,

8

. (STL) C++.

.

STL. STL, STL.

.

(STL).

STL , , .

STL .

STL.

: , .

(containers) ', . : , , .

(associative containers) , .

- . : , .

(algorithms) . , , , . (sequence), .

(iterators) ', . , .

, . *, , . iterator, .

' :

1. (input_iterator) , .

==,!=, *i, ++i, i++, *i++

istream_iterator.

2. (output_iterator) , .

++i, i++, *i=t, *i++=t

ostream_iterator.

3. (forward_iterator) / , , :

==,!=, =, *i, ++i, i++, *i++

4. (biderectional_iterator) forward-, (--i, i--, *i--), .

5. (random_access_iterator) biderectional-, , .

i+=n, i+n, i-=n, i-n, i1-i2, i[n], i1<i2, i1<=i2, i1>i2, i1>=i2

STL (reverse iterators). , , .

, STL . ', .

' (allocator), ' .

' ' allocator. .

, . . , : . . UnPred, BinPred. ', .

. ³ (comparison function). , . Comp.

STL '-.

'- - , (). ' - . ' , operatot().

1.

class less{

public:

bool operator()(int x,int y)

{return x<y;}

};

-.

STL .

, , . , . , . map ( ). , , , list. , queue, deque, stack. vector; , .

, , , . STL


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1834 - | 1636 -


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